Cognitive Psychology False Memory Essay - 2269 Words

Running head: False Memory Theoretical and Applied/Practical Perspective of False Memory The human memory is subject to a multitude of errors, including source misattributions, distortion and creation of false memories. In order to do justice to this paper one must first determine what is â€Å"False memory†? False memory is memory for an event that did not occur or distorted memory of actual events (Gleaves, Smith, Butler, Spiegel, 2004). This type of memory has been an area of intense research interest for both theoretical and practical reasons and psychologists have long been interested in memory illusions and distortions, as such errors can inform theories of how the memory works (Hunt Ellis, 2004). From a†¦show more content†¦When this phenomenon occurs an individual may confuse the gist trace strength with the psychological experience of recollecting, which is normally mediated by retrieving verbatim traces of studied items. As lure items tend to match very strong gist traces in memo ry individuals believe they can recollect DRM lures. According to Arndt, (2010), â€Å"this theory proposes that although these errors are often phenomenologically similar to items that were episodically experienced, lures’ recollection phenomenology is representationally distinct from that of study items† (p.67). There is evidence however that false memory can be based largely on automatic processing and is amenable to only limited conscious control. For example, Dodd and MacLeod (2004), showed that mere exposure to DRM lists was sufficient to create a false memory: They presented DRM lists as coloured words in a Stroop test. Naming colours reduced accurate memory for list words as compared to reading coloured words, but false memory remained high for critical words. Furthermore, the elimination of false memory is difficult in that certain â€Å"encoding manipulations may lead to reductions in false memories through metamemorial processes occurring at retrieval† (Gallo, McDermott, Percer Roediger III, 2001, p.339). For example slowing presentation rate decreases the probability of falseShow MoreRelatedCognitive Psychology; Critical Report on Abducted by Ufo: Prevalence Information Affects Young Childrens False Memories for an Implausible Event1443 Words   |  6 PagesAssessment 1: Critical Review 1. Otgaar and colleagues looked at whether Prevalence information changes memory in any form when focusing on implausible events. The aim of the investigation was to see if children between the ages of 7-8 and 11-12 could create false memories when asked to recall an implausible or plausible event. 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It is not uncommon for individuals to fill in memory gaps with what they assume they must haveRead MoreFalse Memory Essay609 Words   |  3 PagesFalse Memory Cognitive Psychology In false memory experiments, special distractors are variables that are included in a list of the experiment intending to distract the participant. In the false memory experiments there is usually a related distractor and an unrelated distractor (Arnold 2002). The subject is presented with a list of words , directly after the list disappears the subject is shown another list containing original words, related distractor words, and unrelated distractor words;Read MoreCognitive Confusions Between Imagination And Memory986 Words   |  4 Pagesstudies have also shown that cognitive confusions between imagination and memory sometimes reflect increased activity in regions associated with visual imagery during memory encoding or retrieval. 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Comparing and Constrasting between northern and Italian Art Free Essays

In Beneath the Lines of Historical Art: Comparing and Contrasting the Work of Northern and Italian Art Intro of Denver Art Museum Honestly, this was probably one of the best experiences of my entire life. I’m not the best person with knowledge about art but I definitely love to appreciate art more after this visit. Not only was I amazed how the exterior of the architecture was so imaginary and different but I was completely surprised; this was not what I expected. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing and Constrasting between northern and Italian Art or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was so awesome that they can create something so wonderful and stable! When I arrived I wasn’t quite sure where I was to enter, but eventually I found the entrance. Exterior was not as amazing as what was inside of it! I do admit I was a little lost but I eventually found out where to go. I definitely like how they gave every painting, Its own space/territory. Instead of throwing every artwork into one wall, the paintings had their own room basically. And I would think everything was going to be old but everything was kept clean and sanitized. The architect for the Interior was Like new and I never felt so comfortable. I loved every thing about this visit and will return In he future more times than once. Love It, love It!! Comparing and Contrasting influential artist and sculptures; Michelangelo, Leonardo Dad Vinci, Lorenz Gibber, Detonated, Udder, and many more. During the same time many unknown artist arisen and influenced change on the perspective of art or what the meaning of what art can be. For Instance, even a speck of light and shade can change the overall outcome between velvet and wool, copper and aluminum. As well as, a small item in a painting can briefly explain an entire paintings storyline and can help understand the artist even more. The Renaissance contributed to a variety of similarities and differences. But nowhere is this more apparent than in the similarities and differences we will find between the art of Northern Renaissance and Italian Renaissance which will be explained further on. Nevertheless, art work shall always be thoroughly observed otherwise it will be misinterpreted. Breathe Abeam was a Northern German Renaissance engraver (1502-1540) and he and his brother Seabed Abeam were also successful printmakers. In 1525 the brothers and a fellow artist were tried for their radical religious and political beliefs ND they were expelled from Nurturers in 1529. Eventually Breathe Abeam continued his work with portraits as the court artist to Duke William IV of Bavaria. One of the art works currently held at the Denver Art Museum Portrait of a Woman demonstrates how colors are an importance on indicating the texture and appearance of an object. By the use of how much detail is put into every little aspect in the illustration (looking closely, every crease in her wardrobe shows the woman’s body structure/posture), and narrative because the indications of her gold rings on ere hands, the wardrobe can simply predict that this is an important, wealthy, German woman during the sass. In this portrait painting, is a German Matron (a member of the House of Chad von Antibacterial), she emphasis her wealth and status by her luxuries garments and signifies her power/status by displaying a substantial posture with her hands held together. Beam’s mastery of space reflects in his portraits; the colors of light and shade, enables him to represent so convincingly the rich fabrics worn by his noble subject and makes this woman look as if she was imaginary/perfect or â€Å"too good to be rue. But it’s not Just the garments that the woman wears that makes this a remarkable piece of art but its how proudly she stands and how she holds her hands together. Outstanding posture can signify importance and strength because the hands are clearly illustrated in the center so the audience will notice it first. â€Å"Portrait of a Woman,† By Breathe Abeam (1 500 – 25), A German Northern Renaissance Engraver viewpoints of the artist. In the following Portrait of a Woman, Abeam tells, the person that is looking at this portrait, that this woman is no average women. Looking ruefully, she is against a plain wooden board background which brings out the color of her large fur collar on her silk coat, this is a clear indication of what her status is in the society; her gown has sleeves trimmed with velvet bands and her white head covering is wrapped around by a fine linen veil it seems. As well with the nice clothing, there is a noticeable Jewelry on her hands. These are several gold rings which is important because it signifies that this portrait in not about personality and characteristics but this is about the small petite materials involved in the illustration. Breathe Abeam uses the color of light and shade to contribute to the texture in his materials and the narrative of his entire piece. Many artist display discrete kinds’ objects in paintings to Justify a storyline but all artists have brief similarities. So as you were to look at a Northern Renaissance artist you can see similarities to an artist in the Italian Renaissances art piece. Vitro Carapaces was a Southern Italian painter of the Venetian school, he studied under Gentile Beeline. Little is known of his early life, but influences came from his astonishing work of the Beeline Family and Antinovel dad Messing. Vitro was regularly known for his individualism in his artwork, stated Giorgio Vassar, an early biographer of Renaissance artists. He produced many large-scale narrative wall paintings of religious subjects for the city of Venice. But a piece that stood out from the rest of his work, was a portrait off lady holding a book. In the sass Vitro illustrated the Portrait of a Lady with a Book, currently, belongs to the Denver Art Museum. This artwork not only brought out Aviator’s individualism but showed that art can be useful, simple, and can tell a story to a few that understand it. The individual in this portrait may be a Tuscan poet Grammar Coors Ramose, who also had her portrait painted by Aviator’s teacher, Gentile Beeline. The lady in the illustration holds a book, possibly an indication that she was a writer. The woman’s hairstyle and dress are typical of Venetian style. Her hair is held by a transparent net on the back of her head, and loose strands hang on either side of a face that is not beautiful or young, but reveals an average Venetian woman. She wears a simple Ackley (made out of rope it seems); the upper part of her dress is decorated with gold and lace trim and pearls. Similar to Beam’s Portrait of a Woman it was not the background and colors that made the portrait interesting, but it was a small and not so noticeable item, the book in her hands. The novel signifies that the following lady could in fact possibly be a writer. This contributes to the opinion that the artist and the subject of the painting can be one and of the same because of their individualism. â€Å"Portrait of a Lady with a Book,† By Vitro Carapaces (1500), A Southern Italian Renaissance Painter Breathe uses light and shade to contribute to the color of his materials making his art individualism to an artwork that stays understandable for the world. Breathe and Vitro use a dull background in order to expose the important figure in the center (in this case the women), as well as, a way to notice the partially visible props. For instance, the Jewelry expresses immense characteristics of both women by using a simple item, the book and the German women’s Jewelry. Despite the comparisons between the two, there remains a variety of divergences. One central difference is how both artworks derive from nature. In Breather’s creation the color plays an increasingly large factor in whether this art derived from nature. In his piece, the woman’s whole attire is accurately detailed, meaning â€Å"too good to be true. † In Aviator’s visual the woman can be defined as â€Å"short and simple† considering the fact, visually, she signifies an average woman during the Renaissance. Another huge difference that may not seem visible to many but the way Venetian Woman and German women look at the audience. She looks away from the painting, as if she does not want to be seen. Or she is ashamed that she is a writer. But because of history, Women in the Italian renaissance were not quite comfortable of their amazing talents. And women in the Northern Renaissance had more comfort of showing their talents because Northern art was more acceptable to differences than of the Southern Italian Renaissance art. So looking back at the German women she seems more comfortable of a self-portrait than the Venetian Women below. This is a huge difference between Northern and Italian Renaissance Art. Attractiveness in Art is important because a small item can tell an entire narrative of an artwork. Breathe used light and shade in order to emphasize the texture of the German matron’s wardrobe in order to understand that this is a wealthy woman. But Vitro manipulated an average woman living in the Italian renaissance and depicted only her stance and how she looked at the audience. Introducing a huge narrative about how women’s talents were compared to women talents in the Northern Renaissance. Even though the two are derived from different areas of Europe they contribute almost identical strategies to display their narratives in order for us the audience to look in beneath the lines of Historical art. How to cite Comparing and Constrasting between northern and Italian Art, Papers

Human Resource Management Employee Retention Issues

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Managementfor Employee Retention Issues. Answer: Introduction Employee retention is a significant process for an organization, so the employers must try to retain best employees in the organization for a long term. It works as a major challenge for an industry or organization, because people are their most valuable assets. This essay presents findings about employee retention issues, which the hotel and resorts industry in Asia and Australia are facing in the current business environment. This discussion includes the brief analysis of the hospitality industry in Asia and Australia. The major retention issues include; more job opportunities, influx of talent, increased pressure to perform, better salary or package, lack of motivation of career development low skilled and low paying work, job dissatisfaction, lack of career progression, labor intensive and problem in work-life balance. Furthermore, it includes the HRM strategies, which will assist the industry in retaining the staff for a long period, like; develop clear career opportunities, give value to the employees, establish better relationship, create employee centered working environment and implement good employment practices. It is the duty of Human Resource manager to make creative strategies. These effective methods can have a positive and significant impact on industrys turnover rate and resolve the discussed issues. The hotel and resort industry in both countries is growing rapidly and contributing to their economies. The industry in Asia Pacific reached to 12.8 billion in the year 2013. The region welcomed 5% more tourists in the first few months of the year 2014 (Business Vibes, 2015). There are so many international hotel groups, which are rapidly expanding their business into Asian hotel and resorts industry. Australian industry is spending a huge amount on providing best services to the customers. The industry is Australia is providing various employment opportunities to more than 270,000 employees (Newsroom, 2016). They expend around 70$ million yearly on training and development of employees. However, hotel and resort industry in both the countries is doing well and spending funds for managing its people, but still it is facing some issues related to employee retention. As we know that hospitality industry is extremely guest service oriented industry, in which the communication between gu ests and employees decide the success of the business. This can create some staff turnover issues in the organization (Martin, 2010). From all the issues, the most important issue in Asian countries is shortage of skilled and quality team at different levels. This industry is unsuccessful in retaining professionals. The organizations have to spend a huge amount on the training and development of the employees to enhance their skills and knowledge. Another reason for increasing turnover rate of the employees in India is increased job opportunities. People are switching to better jobs for their career progression. The Asian people are very conscious about their status, so they want a better job title (Ameto, 2015). The issue of career progression can be seen in the Australian workers. When they do not see the career advancement at the current employer in the hotel industry, then they think about moving on to other employer (Oliver, 2013). If they would have the clarity about their car eer opportunities, then they will be staying with their current employer. One of the important issues in Australian industry is job dissatisfaction among employees. The workers in Australia do not suggest their workplace to other. They are not satisfied with their job and package (Albattat, Mat Som, Helalat, 2014). Employee loyalty is very low and they think of leaving the organization. The major reasons to job satisfaction in Australian hotel industry include job security, payment, work-life balance issue and respect and appreciation at the workplace. This issue is generated from problem in work-life balance. In this industry, there is long working hours for the It creates stress from work-life imbalance and overwork. This stress can create the problems in work-life balance, which in turn leads the Australian employees to leave the organization (Davidson, Michael, Timo, Nils, Wang Ying, 2010). There are some other problems, which are common in both the countries, like; hotel and resort industry is a labor intensive industry, so it is a big problem that this industry in both the countries does not get enough employees. The people have to give more time and efforts to serve the guests. So, they wish to switch over to other jobs and industry. Moreover, it can be seen that money is always an important factor for the employees. In the hotels and resort industry, the salary of front line workers and hoteliers is not high. Employees are dissatisfied with the long working hours and they did not get adequate salary (Albattat, Mat Som Helalat, 2014). In this situation, they decide to change the job. Either they prefer to switch in same industry in other country or to other industry, like; transportation, education etc., which is paying more than hotel industry. Thus, using Low-low skilled and low paid policy in Australia is a disadvantage for its employment practices. Moreover, the Asian countries, like; Hong Kong, Singapore, India and China have attracted and appointed the employees from foreign and different cultures, languages and backgrounds to work collectively. In the hotel and resort industry, the management thinks that it will be beneficial for treating with their guests from different countries (Yam Raybould, 2011). But the differences in cultures and languages influence the communication, teamwork and collaboration and finally the job satisfaction in the employees. This increases employee turnover. There is a high competition with the entry of new leaders, products and services. The competition from other countries and adverse perceptions about Asian industry limits the growth of hospitality industry. The image of the countries is overrun by safety issues, poverty and political issues (Myo Aung, 2015). It discourages the employees in staying for long run. Thus, these issues can set the barriers in the way of growth of industry in Asia and Australia and high employee turnover can be bad for the industry and it raises the costs of recruitment and training. So, the employers implement some Human Resource Management (HRM) strategies to overcome these issues. The strategies for retaining best talent have many positive impacts for the industry. Retention strategies are the fundamental part of organizational strategy (Yam Raybould, 2011). For dealing with the issue of short-skilled employees, the players in the industry must implement some effective employment practices. The focus of employment practices should be placed on the strategies to keep the staff motivated and generate satisfaction among them. The organizations must emphasize on communication, flexible employment policies, effective work policies, training and development programs, employee well-being programs and social practices. Along with this, there should be clear career opportunities for the employees. It can be like an incentive for the career-oriented employees to retain with the industry. It is not necessary that career opportunity includes the promotion (Myo, Aung, 2015). It could include providing additional opportunity or responsibility to work with another departme nt or supervise the employees. It will develop their interest in jobs. For enhancing job satisfaction in the employees, the managers should understand that Employees are very important for success of hotel industry. They should try to create an employee centered working environment. If they modify the culture of organization to fulfill the requirements of workers, then they incline to stay with the organization for a long term (McCooey, 2009). Management has the responsibility to establish good working environment, which inspire the employees to attain satisfactory outcomes and organizational objectives. Fulfilling the non-working needs of the employees could assist in attracting the retaining the best talent in the industry. This industry is customer centered and labor demanding. The players in the industry must value the employees. Management can identify the value of employees by their level of productivity. The organization can measure the value of employees by analyzing their performance and behaviors at job. The people in this industry in both the countries are dissatisfied with their salary. To resolving the issues related to wages and salary, the firms should provide some no-performance benefits and perks to enhance the loyalty in existing employees (Yam Raybould, 2011). In this industry, the firms could offer the subsidized or free food to the employees. They can provide the accommodation to workers and their families at reduced prices. This will be beneficial for the industry for employee retention. There are some other strategies, which the managers can use to retain the employees (Bhatia, 2006). If the employees in the organization will have better relationships at work, then they are more likely to retain with it and they will feel engaged with their job. Therefore, the employers require emphasizing on how they communicate, understand and create better relationships with the employees. For hotel and resort industry, it is the best idea to talk to the employees for their ideas and opinions on engagements aspects, like; feedback on performance, career advancement, conducting survey for employee opinions and reviews on regular basis (Bharwani Butt, 2012). This will engage the employees in employment activities and they will work with enthusiasm and happiness. The people are switching from the job because of long working hours and poor scheduling. The managers should follow the workforce scheduling process for engaging the employees effectively. The work should be assigned among the workers properly. For dealing with cultural diversity, the employers should support this and provide training and development of different languages and conduct the events, so the employees can become familiar with each and resolve the language and cultural differences. Human resource management should try to resolve the communication issues among all the levels of organization. In order to overcome the challenges, Human Resource managers can play an important role. The team leaders should try to create motivating environments to keep the members together for a long time. They can motivate the employees by arranging the talk with the senior manager on the career opportunities. The workers, who join these events, they likely to remain more motivated and engaged to their job. Thus, the organization should understand the issues of the employee retention. First the company must identify the employee turnover rates within a particular time period (McCooey, 2009). After that, they should identify the reason that why the employees are leaving organization. After recognizing the reasons, they should implement the above-mentioned strategies to retain them. Conclusion As discussed above, the hotel and resort industry is stressful place to perform. There are various issues, which can lead the employees to leave their jobs or they think to quit the whole industry. This is true that this industry mainly reliable on the employees, especially, front line staff, who have to build good relationships with the guests or customers. Thus, the essay states that employee retention is the biggest issue in the hotel and resort industry. Both the continents, Asia and Australia are facing different issues in retaining the employees in hotels and resort industry. The major issues are related to the job satisfaction, because of working conditions, package and their jobs. The organization is losing the loyalty of employees due to these reasons. Furthermore, the discussion includes various strategies of human resource management, which should be implemented by the firms in the industry to overcome the problems of staff retention. These strategies will be effective for hospitality industry in both the continents. The Human Resource Management in the organization should think about the issues and implement the strategies to overcome the challenges and issues employee turnover. References Ameto, N. (2015). Lack of career clarity hinders employee retention. Retrieved from https://www.cgma.org/magazine/2015/aug/employee-retention-tips-201512882.html. Albattat, A.R., Mat Som, A.P. Helalat, A.S. (2014). Higher Dissatisfaction Higher Turnover in the Hospitality Industry. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp. 45-52. Bharwani, S., Butt, N. (2012). Challenges for the global hospitality: an HR perspective. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 4(2), 150-162. Business Vibes. (2015). 8 Things You Should Know About Hospitality Industry In Asia. Retrieved on 8 June, 2015 from https://www.business2community.com/travel-leisure/8-things-you-should-know-about-hospitality-industry-in-asia-01245385#6OFAdHeVKGM8DuKL.97. Bhatia, S.K. (2006). Human Resource Management: A Competitive Advantage (Concepts, Strategies, Challenges). Deep and Deep Publications. Davidson, Michael, Timo, Nils, Wang Ying. (2010). How much does labour turnover cost? A case study of Australian four- and five-star hotels. International journal of contemporary hospitality management. McCooey, D. (2009). Keeping Good Employees On Board: Employee Retention Strategies to Navigate Any Economy Storm. Morgan James Publishing. Myo, U.Z. Aung. (2015). Managerial Strategies and Practice in the Asian Business Sector. ICI Global. Martin, J. (2010). Key Concepts of Human Resource Management. SAGE Publications. Newsroom. (2016). Why Australias Hospitality Industry in Booming. Retrieved on 23 September, 2016 from https://www.hotelmanagement.net/transactions/why-australia-s-hospitality-industry-booming. Oliver, M. (2013). Australians job satisfaction isnt as good as it could be, but recognition makes a difference. Retrieved from https://www.smartcompany.com.au/people-human-resources/australian-s-job-satisfaction-isn-t-as-good-as-it-could-be-but-recognition-makes-a-difference/. Yam, L. Raybould, M. (2011). Employee retention: Job embeddedness in the hospitality industry. Bond Business School Publications.

Video Games and Society Essay Example

Video Games and Society Essay Video Games: A History of Violence? HAHA! I KILLED YOU! I’M NOW LEVEL 30! How and why does mass media influence aggressive behavior? More specifically, does playing video games cause aggressive behavior? Because children and teenagers spend an increased amount of time each day viewing/playing video games, they are shaping their values, attitudes, and behaviors. For people who do act out aggressively, the results can be deadly. Monthly, the news is filled with blood-chilling accounts of crimes committed due to a copy-cat obsession with violent video games. Violent video games are changing the values that parents have taught their teens. Parents want their kids to have good values such as being kind, truthful, caring, and courteous to others. The video games that they are letting their teens play are promoting none of these golden values. What has the world come to? When a child can walk into a store and find video games where you win based on how many people you can kill or how many places you can blow up. Parents would not want their teens to go around in real life killing other people or using explosives in any way. So what’s the difference in letting them virtually do it in your house? We will write a custom essay sample on Video Games and Society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Video Games and Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Video Games and Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Letting teens play violent video games are changing their values to the ones being taught inside the game as well as many across the world today. For the past 40 years, since the first video games were created, the gaming industry has developed games that would surpass other games before it. Since the late 1970’s, when the first two games of â€Å"Pac-man† and â€Å"Space Invaders† were created, video games have changed tremendously over time. The late 1970’s through the 1980’s video game makers used what was called an 8-bit graphic system, which limited many features they could put in video games. Violence was not realistic, blood was not red, and so violence in video games was not incorporated into the new games that appeared on the market. In the early 1990’s, video game makers began using a 16-bit graphic system which would enable them to incorporate much more detail of violence and blood into video games. This caused an increase in violent video game demand and an increase in realistic violent events incorporated into these games. With technology in video games enhanced, the productivity on violent videos games moved up as well. When a game called ‘Mortal Kombat’ was released in the early 1990’s with a gruesome death seen in the game, the US Congress had to intervene. They told the gaming industry they had to come up with an accurate grading system to rate the games on age-appropriateness and content-appropriateness. This brought on the ESRB or A. K. A the â€Å"Entertainment Software Rating Board. † While rating each video game and posting that rate on them has improved access by small children, teens and young adults can still buy and view very violent scenes. In 2007, there was a tragic event at Virginia Tech University. A young man by the name of Seung Hui Cho went on a rampage on the campus and killed a total of â€Å"32 students and faculty†. Cho admitted to watching videos games before the rampant killing, and just like the â€Å"Columbine massacre,† people blamed the Virginia Tech shooting on violent video games. There were also other mental health factors that attributed to this senseless act of violence. In the year 1999, a tragic shooting at Columbine High School occurred. Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold killed 12 students, along with one teacher. Shortly after the attack and killing of their fellow students and teacher, they both committed suicide. After the massacre, a police investigation revealed a video tape of both the boys. In the video, both boys made the comment saying it would be â€Å"just like doom†. â€Å"Doom† is a violent video game that burst on the market in the 1990’s shortly after the new genre of gaming called â€Å"first person shooter,† a 3-dementional environment type of video game, showed up on the scene. Since the â€Å"Columbine massacre† and the shooting at Virginia Tech, scientists have more thoroughly studied whether violent video games causing aggressive behavior can be linked together. Since the inception of media, especially after violence was introduced to it, hundreds of studies have focused their research on viewing these violent acts and aggression. When violent video games emerged, researchers turned to analyzing these much more closely. Many of the studies focused on the sex of the person and studying male versus female aggression after viewing and playing video games. Some studied viewing violent video games versus playing the violent games to find if there was a connection between the two. But the question remains: Can scientists, with certainty, conclude that an activity that most children and teenagers partake in, lead to violence in such a small percentage of those children and teenagers? In 2007, C. J. Ferguson from Texas AM University reviewed articles/studies based on the positive and negative effects of violent video games. In his research, the â€Å"relationship between video game violence and aggression†¦have produced mixed findings†. Throughout Fergusons tudy, he â€Å"specifically found significant problems with publication bias in the video games effects literature, as well a tendency for the use of unstandardized measures of aggression†¦Ã¢â‚¬  If there are no standardized ways of testing aggression, how can a relationship between aggression and video games be concluded? Ferguson also found in the studies he reviewe d, most of them leaned toward focusing on the negative aspects of video games. The advantage of playing video games can be proven in their ability to enhance learning, hand-eye coordination, and this in turn can enable children and teenagers to do better in school. Violent video games can help overcome anxiety by providing entertainment without leaving the house, taking everyday stresses out on the characters in the game instead of real life, takes the adolescent’s minds off worries and stress of the outside world, and encourages children to stay out of trouble. Video games can render all of these various statements against video games and their creators are false. Video games help reduce stress and anger by providing an outlet for tension, providing entertainment, and providing motivation to consistently achieve higher scores or levels, in the video games. Violent Video Games do not cause increased violent tendencies in youth and adolescents due to the fact violent video games have been around for years and in those years violence caused by teens have actually been dropping rather than increasing. Also, violent video games have been shown through research that the negatives are highly outweighed by the positives. Also, with the introduction of interactive gaming there are a new range of possibilities for violent video games Very few studies have researched the positive effects of video games. The studies that Ferguson reviewed revealed that viewing violent video games appear to increase a person’s â€Å"visuospatial cognition†. According to Webster’s Dictionary, visuospatial is defined as: â€Å"Of or relating to visual perception of spatial relationships among objects. † Watching video games tends to improve hand eye coordination, and gives the person an increased ability to view multiple scenes taking place, like finding where that missing piece of the puzzle is. Ferguson found no correlation between violent video games and negative behavioral effects, only the visual effects noted above. Ferguson concluded that research from current studies have been analyzed cannot link watching violent video games to aggressive behavior. In the study conducted by Jim Blascovich, at the University of California at Santa Barbara, he concluded that the more elaborate the graphics are the more of a tendency exists to exhibit aggressive behavior after viewing video games. Explicit viewing material tended to be more realistic, thus producing aggressive behavior in the real world. As stated earlier, Pac-man’s graphics were very elementary in content, and as graphics have become more sophisticated, the violence and death scenes have become more realistic in today’s video games. Each study reviewed, tended to suggest there is some link between viewing violent video games and aggression. As stated in the article by Porter and Starcevic, â€Å"Several lines of evidence suggest that there is a link between exposure to violent video games and aggressive behavior. However, methodological shortcomings of research conducted so far make several interpretations of this relationship possible†. Can aggressive behavior be completely linked to watching video games? Or are there other extenuating circumstances that influence this behavior? Studies suggest a link in video watching and aggression, but researchers have not been able to find a direct causal relationship between the two. As in most behaviors, there are many other factors that may contribute to the person’s behavior and their actions to a specific event. To conclude that watching violent video games causes aggression cannot be said with certainty, unless other variables can be controlled for. Those variables would include sex, family history, tendencies toward aggressive behavior prior to watching video games, and many other factors that influence our behavior. With the sale of video games in the United States being in the billions and the number of people viewing these acts of violence being so numerous, there had to be other factors that influence this aggressive behavior. The sheer numbers of people who view these violent video games versus the number of aggressive acts are not even close in numbers. After each mass killing that has occurred, the events leading up to it are dissected and studied. It is agreed upon that viewing or playing violent video games were part of these murderers’ lives, but other influences also were involved. I also believe that the parents are to blame as much as the child in the disciplining of video game use. I mean, yes, video games are the new technological advancement here in America and everybody is eager to see what’s next, but this shouldn’t interfere with your daily life. It has been increasingly noticed that some people developed roblem video game use (spending too much time playing video games). Ninety percent of American youth play video games and fifteen percent may be addicted to them. This can cause many parents to be worried whether their child has an addiction or not. To identify a valid addiction there has to be some real problems interfering with daily life. For example, a combination of social, school, family, and psychological functioning being negatively affected by video game use. There is a list of signs that can help you identify if your child has an addiction. The list includes, excessive amount of time spent on video games, how often the child thinks about playing when he is not playing, and video games being the cause of problems in the family or social activities. These are just a few signs to look for a real addiction. Nowadays, violent video games are a big trend and most kids play them, but there is no evidence or proof of these millions of kids playing video games randomly killing people or committing violent acts. Violent video games do create some aggressive thoughts but those thoughts depending on the person can transform to violence or they can simply disappear. There are no longitudinal studies or scientific proof that violent video games are the mere cause of violence or if they do indeed cause violence in the first place. Further research and studies are required in order to know more about the effects of video games. But I think that video games affect each person differently and that the mentality of a person plays a role as well as other factors such as the environment for a person to become violent or not violent. . If that correlation is to be drawn, then more studies will need to be conducted to exclude variables that so far have not been addressed. Work Cited 1. Ferguson, C. J. 2013). Violent video games and the Supreme Court: Lessons for the scientific community in the wake of Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association. American Psychologist, 68(2), 57-74. 2. Blascovich, J. (2002). Social influence within immersive virtual environments (p 127-145). In R. Schroeder (Ed. ) The social life of avatars. Springer-Verlag. 3. www. resea rchgate. net/publication/ Are /79e4150aad92560f34. pdf? 4. history1900s. about. com †º †º Decade By Decade †º 1990s? 5. http://www. nytimes. com/2007/04/16/us/16cnd-shooting. html? pagewanted=allam

Love Quotes That Never Go Out of Fashion

Love Quotes That Never Go Out of Fashion What is your first reaction when you hear someone use a cheesy line? If you are a closet romantic, youd pooh-pooh the die-hard romantic  talk. You might even make disgusted faces and tell others how stupid young lovers are. But honestly, wouldnt you love it when someone used a cheesy line on you? Something happens to us when we hear cheesy love quotes. On the outside, we pretend to be squeamish. But inside, we admire the deep love that gushes out in the form of unbridled flattery. Break the Ice With Love Quotes Cheesy love quotes can be great icebreakers when you want to work your charm on someone. In fact, many couples have claimed that its the cheesy love quotes that are the deal clinchers. Many years later, they fondly remember the first time they met, often citing the pickup line that sealed their love. As the years go by, couples may fall into a comfort zone, and the expression of these kinds of love sentiments might become awkward. But rest assured romance never dies out. When your partner occasionally makes a public display of affection by using cheesy lines, you cant help feeling all romantic. Use Valentines Day as an Excuse On Valentines Day, you can pull out all the stops. Whether you are single or happily married, this is a perfect time to test the cheesy love quotes and woo your sweetheart. On Valentines Day, you can even blame the cheese on Cupid. Go the extra mile and shower love on your dearest. Cast aside your embarrassment and fear of rejection. Read some sappy romantic movie quotes for inspiration and play Romeo or Juliet. Your lover  might be embarrassed or even mortified by your sudden display of passion. But when they look back, they will treasure these memories of love. Robert BraultTo find someone who will love you for no reason, and to shower that person with reasons, that is the ultimate happiness. Dr. Felice Leonardo (Leo) Buscaglia aka Dr. Love from Speaking of LoveLove is life. And if you miss love, you miss life. Roy Croft from the poem LoveI love you, not only for what you are but for what I am when I am with you. Billy Crystal in the movie When Harry Met SallyWhen you realize you want to spend the rest of your life with somebody, you want the rest of your life to start as soon as possible. Colin Firth in the movie  Love ActuallyI love you even when youre sick and look disgusting. F. Scott Fitzgerald I love her and that’s the beginning and end of everything. Robert Fulghum from the book True LoveWere all a little weird. And life is a little weird. And when we find someone whose weirdness is compatible with ours, we join up with them and fall into mutual satisfying weirdness- and call it love- true love. Ryan Gosling in the movie Blue ValentineI dont know, I just got a feeling about her. You know when a song comes on and you just gotta dance? Anthony Hopkins in the movie Meet Joe BlackMultiply [love] it by infinity and take it to the depths of forever, and you will still have barely a glimpse of what Im talking about. Franklin P. Jones Love doesnt make the world go round. Love is what makes the ride worthwhile. Jason Jordan True love does not come by finding the perfect person, but by learning to see an imperfect person perfectly. Robert Jordan from the book The Wheel of TimeYou have made a place in my heart where I thought there was no room for anything else. You have made flowers grow where I cultivated dust and stones. John Keats from the book The Mentorï » ¿My creed is love and you are its only tenet. Heath Ledger from the movie A Knight’s TaleMay I ask your name, my lady? Or perhaps angels have no names, only beautiful faces. Sam McBratney from the book Guess How Much I Love YouI love you right up to the moon...and back. George Moore Other men have seen angels, But I have seen thee, And thou art enough. Michel de Montaigne from the book The Complete Essaysï » ¿If I am pressed to say why I loved him, I feel it can only be explained by replying: Because it was he; because it was me. Iris Murdoch [Love is] the extremely difficult realization that something other than oneself is real. Edgar Allan Poe from the short story Annabel Lee We loved with a love that was more than love. Jeremy Taylor Love is friendship set on fire. Robert Tizon I would rather have eyes that cannot see; ears that cannot hear; lips that cannot speak, than a heart that cannot love. Dr. Seuss aka Theodor Seuss GeiselYou know youre in love when you dont want to fall asleep because reality is finally better than your dreams. Swedish Proverb Love me when I least deserve it  because thats when I really need it. J.R.R. Tolkien from the book The Fellowship of the RingI would rather share one lifetime with you than face all the ages of this world alone. Mae West Love conquers all things except poverty and toothache. Oscar Wilde Who, being loved, is poor? Renee Zellweger,  in the movie Jerry MaguireYou had me at hello.

The History of Jell-O

The History of Jell-O Jell-O: It’s now as American as apple pie. Once a twice-failed processed food made from a mash-up of animal parts, it managed to become a hit dessert and the go-to food for generations of sick children.   Who Invented Jell-O? in 1845, New York industrialist Peter Cooper patented a method for the manufacture of gelatin, a tasteless, odorless gelling agent made of out animal by-products. Cooper’s product failed to catch on, but in 1897, Pearle Wait, a carpenter turned cough syrup manufacturer in LeRoy, a town in upstate New York was experimenting with gelatin and concocted a fruit-flavored dessert. His wife, May David Wait, dubbed it Jell-O.   Woodward Buys Jell-O Wait lacked the funding to market and distribute his new product. In 1899 he sold it to Frank Woodward, a school dropout who by the age of 20 had his own business, Genesee Pure Food Company. Woodward bought the rights to Jell-O for $450 from Wait. Once again, sales lagged. Woodward, who sold a number of patent medicines, Raccoon Corn Plasters, and a roasted coffee substitute called Grain-O, grew impatient with the dessert. Sales were still slow, so Woodward offered to sell the rights to Jell-O ® to his plant superintendent for $35. However, before the final sale, Woodward’s intensive advertising efforts, which called for distribution of recipes and samples and paid off. By 1906, sales reached $1 million.   Making Jell-O a National Staple The company doubled down on marketing. They sent out nattily dressed salesmen to demonstrate Jell-O. The also distributed 15 million copies of a Jell-O recipe book containing celebrity favorites and illustrations by beloved American artists, including Maxfield Parrish and Norman Rockwell. The dessert’s popularity rose. Woodward’s Genesee Pure Food Company was renamed Jell-O Company in 1923. Two years later it later merged with Postum Cereal, and eventually, that company became the behemoth known as the General Foods Corporation, which is now called Kraft/General Foods. The gelatinous aspect of the food made it a popular choice among mothers when their children were suffering from diarrhea. In fact, doctors still recommend serving Jell-O water- that is, unhardened Jello-O- to children suffering from loose stools.

Emerging adulthoods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Emerging adulthoods - Essay Example When there are no social bonds and turning points these difficulties are carried into emerging adulthood. The solution is to create opportunities for this emerging adulthood; to build social bonds and have turning points as these have been proved to work by previous research. This can be done in various ways. Salvatore talks about social restrictions and age – graded theories that he explains using the term â€Å"desistance†. Desistance happens over time while social bonds are developed. Because of the time effect of desistance, the changes that occur are self made and not imposed on the individuals. The person only finds reasons for not wanting to engage in offensive action. These are things like job stability where the person has a stable income and a steady job that he can rely on and has no spare time for offensive action. The other reason is a strong attachment to one's business, where the person loves his/her job and wants to keep it and, so they abide to rules an d regulations of the job and keep the proper business ethics. Another reason is marriage. An individual may get attached to another person, and does not want to get separated from them. Therefore, they distance themselves from anything that could take them away from their loved one. Family ties are also responsible for desistance especially when an individual becomes a parent. They tend to want to set good examples for their children, and be there when they are growing up. Thus, they leave their past life of an offence and build a new one with this motivation. Age also matters when it comes to desistance. One will only look at their age and feel the need to have an alteration from the offensive life they have been leading form years. All this are the opposite of the root causes for an offensive lifestyle. Most offenders have nothing of value in their lives; they have nothing to live up to and without motivation, life has no meaning. Salvatore claims that social controls and turning points are the solution to emerging adulthood, and he is right in that a change in lifestyle could affect a change in performance. While some people may argue that the factors discussed above may not necessarily cause a change of behavior, it can be proven that social bonds like a marriage and a stable job will greatly reduce the time spent with delinquent peers who will always be a bad influence an individual showing signs of desistance. Cultural differences are relevant to emerging adult hoods as they introduce new opportunities and new peers. However, trends are changing in relation to the societal norms. More and more young people in the United States are postponing marriages and some are not getting married at all. Marriage is one of the key transitions to adulthood, and it acts as a socializing institution that requires conformity to conventional social norms (Laub & Sampson 2). This in turn, leads to delayed parenting and the responsibilities that come with parenting. Changes in the economy have also not been helpful for the emerging adulthood growth as the young now have to work very hard; just to have a middle class lifestyle and most give up trying. Increased educational credentials are also required, just to get a decent job. This is problematic to most young people; who have no post high school education. This leads to lack of financial independence, which makes most young people remain at home or move back to their parents’ houses, and continue on with their offensive performance. These trends in marriage, economy, parenting and education have led to an extended transition period where the young adults continue acting like teenagers trying to find themselves while continuing with their

CYBER-PSYCHOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

CYBER-PSYCHOLOGY - Essay Example Human mind and its behavior in addition to interactions within the work place has been influenced largely through the development of technology inform of computers, mobile phones, and other communication gadgets. For this reason, there is need to understand the influence of technology in human behavior at work place. Most of the research done in cyber psychology includes personality types in cyberspace artificial intelligence and virtual reality. Psychologists like Freud predicted the challenge of fixation on objects as an example of catharsis or displacement. This means that the growing challenge is the idea of many people at work place being attached to these gadgets, which leads to fixation according to Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis. With reference to Marxism, this paper will apply the challenges and the advantages of cyber psychology. Concept of organization behavior Organization behavior is the study of how people or groups of people behave within the organization as t hey work. Organization behavior is important since it help individuals to be engaged in the organization and to develop relevant discipline within the organization. Members of an organization will develop good communication skills, honesty and integrity, interpersonal skills, motivation, and good strong work ethics as part of their organizational behavior. Our behavior at work depends on how we feel (Wallace P. M, 2008). Our attitudes and behavior therefore affect our productivity. Behavior attitude is how the employee feels at work while behavior is how the employee responds to the behavior. We can therefore conclude that high work productivity is directly correlated with positive attitudes and behavior. This is also according Carl Marx theories (Whittle, 2007). Motivation is the desire to achieve a goal. It can be intrinsic or extrinsic. Motivation influences psychological, behavioral cognitive and social characters of employees at their work place. The ability of an employee to p articipate in the organization builds up to his/her motivation. Marxism has influenced organization behavior through technology, as many employers tend to rely on computers for assistance. The existing working environment is also important in motivating an employee in the organization. Industrial and organizational psychologists and other applied researchers have recognized the relevance of such advances for understanding workplace behavior, producing a number of recent articles. Marx defines emotions carefully and distinguishes emotions from moods (Zuckerman, 2001). Marx had predicted automation in work place and the acceptance of automation has been tremendous. The emergence of computers has been functionally and practical symbols of transformation and revolution of the world in terms of modernization. The emergence of robots was a controversial issue as many people thought that the reports would replace human beings in form of labor. However, this did not happen as anticipated, a s there emerged the difference of artificial and natural intelligence. Similarly, the emergence of computers has not escaped criticism, many scholars have being agreeing, and disagreeing about the intelligence level of the computer compared to humans. For this reason, it is important to distinguish between a strong artificial intelligence and a weak intelligence (Kent Norman, 2008). One of such critics is John Searle who describes strong artificial

Syrian Unrest Essay Example for Free

Syrian Unrest Essay The Syria unrest, which has been going on since March of 2011 is an uprising by a rebel group against a governing party in Syria. The main objectives of the rebels are to overthrow current president, Bashar-al-asshad. In April of 2011, the president deployed the army, still loyal to president asshad whose family lineage has been ruling Syria for decades, to open fire on any protesters. The rebels, in retaliation, formed their own group of armed troops mainly consisting of ex-soldiers and weapon users. The clashes now happen in no particular area but in several parts of the country. The president terms the rebellion group â€Å"as armed terrorist groups and foreign mercenaries. The protesters have received aid and support from many foreign nations including the United States of America and many Arab nations. The Arab league suspended Syria’s membership in their constituency because of the government’s response to the matters at hand. It was recently brought to light by the United nations in the start of 2013 that the total number of casualties involving this situation exceeded 60,000. Half of these are assumed to be civilians. In a chance to get away from the war and destruction, To seek refuge several local Syrians have fled to neighbouring Arab nations and are warmly welcomed by these nations. However, it is said that the captured rebels have been subjected to high levels of mental and physical torture. Tens of thousands simple civilians as well have been imprisoned as security measures by the government forces. The Syrian unrest has gotten from bad to worse with unrest that, at the moment, seems to not be going anywhere. The only hope of the Syrians to get back their country and their nation is to have an external source taking drastic measures to repair the irreparable damage.

An Investigation to Show the Effect of Temperature on Daphnia :: Papers

An Investigation to Show the Effect of Temperature on Daphnia Plan: I will submerge some daphnia contained in a test tube in water of differing temperatures and measure their subsequent heart rates. Hypothesis I think that the heart rate of the daphnia will increase up until around 40ËÅ ¡C at which point most of the daphnia's enzymes will have denatured and rate of metabolism will have stopped or decreased sufficiently to have stopped the daphnia's heart rate. Apparatus list Test tube Beaker Different temperatures of water Daphnia Pipette Stop clock Microscope Slide Safety Follow usual lab safety rules. There are no major safety considerations in this experiment as the daphnia aren't harmful and water above 40ËÅ ¡C will not be used. Method To determine if temperature does have an effect on the daphnia, I intend to carry out the following experiment. The experiment will involve measuring the cardiac activity of the daphnia at different temperatures, ranging from very cold (approx. 5 degrees Celsius) to quite warm (approx. 40 degrees Celsius). ÂÂ · A selection of similar sized/age Daphnia will be taken. ÂÂ · A variety of different temperatures of water will be set up, these temperatures will be kept constant whilst the daphnia are submersed in them. The temperatures will be set up by using ice to cool tap water down to lower temperatures and boiling water to heat it up. The temperature will be measured to within 0.1ÂÂ °C on a mercury thermometer to ensure accuracy. The temperatures will range from 10ÂÂ °C to approximately 40ÂÂ °C and it will be done at 5ÂÂ °C intervals. ÂÂ · The daphnia will be submersed in the water and left to equilibrate for 3 minutes, after this time one of the Daphnia will be removed and put onto a microscope slide, this will then be quickly put under the microscope. -1- ÂÂ · Under the microscope, the Daphnia will be observed for 20 seconds, this heart rate will be counted and recorded, this can the be

Playing dota Essay

There are many students and even some young professional are addicted to Defense of the Ancients or DOTA. This is a kind of computer games that can be played by many players and is one of the most popular games to young students. Many students get addicted to this game and they even long hours inside the computer shop just playing this kind of game. There are studies that getting addicted in playing computer games affects their studies and this is the cause why they are lying to their parents that they need extra money for their school project but the truth is they are just using the money to rent a computer where they can play DOTA with their classmates. Sometimes in order to make the game exciting, they have a deal to pay those who won the game so it becomes already a form of gambling. Sometimes playing DOTA also affects the relationship of people. It sometimes replaced friends and family as the source of a person, emotional life. When a person spends up to ten hours a day or more rearranging or sending files, playing games, surfing the net, visiting chat rooms, instant messaging, and reading emails. That easily can reach up to seventy to eighty hours a week online with the computer. Major social, school or work disruptions will result. We are living in an era of great changes. Change that gives big changes of people lives. Like technology which has brought many changes in education and other discipline of learning. It has bridge the world from one part to another. It has brought people to be closer to each other. It has improved and gives meaning the lives of many people. Braid (1998) said that today, our Information Technology is revolutionizing lifestyles, work styles, and is changing our lives, transforming the organizations in which we work, and transforming the skills needed in order to succeed. Objectives of the study This study may help not only to the students but for all who play DOTA. Through the information we have gather you can see how this playing affects to the lives of many people specifically who play DOTA game. Significance of the Study The results of this study will not only give significant contributions to the IT students but for all who play DOTA, to the teachers and instructor, parents, friends and relatives. To the Teachers and instructor. This study may help you to give advice to the students who play DOTA that playing that game can affect for their health. That may also cause of dropping their subject which cause of coming late to school and not making their assignments, that may also cause of failing the grades to reached. To the parents.

Analyse the ways in which the themes of intimidation Essay

Analyse the ways in which the themes of intimidation and persecution are presented in the crucible.  In Arthur Miller’s play, he uses a lot of intimidation and persecution. Intimidation means that someone is made small, powerless and weak. Persecution is when someone is being hurt or picked on because of their race, religion, appearance, political views or if their different to everyone else. Intimidation and persecution link to the play as people were being accused of witchcraft and they felt powerless and hurt, as they were different in some way. Take Tituba for example, she was made powerless and was whipped because of her race and her status. Miller presents the play as an allegory, which has an underlying meaning as well as a literal meaning. Firstly, the underlying meaning is the McCarthy trials towards the communists, and people lost their lives over a dishonest politician. Secondly, the literal meaning is the witch trials in Salem and people lost their lives all because of lies. They both link as people lost their lives over silly things. The Historical context is about Salem and the witch trials; The Crucible took place in the 17th century in Salem. Girls felt ill in Massachusetts, no one could explain the illness so everyone thought it was the devil and witchcraft. There were many puritans who blamed the devil and often blamed people of devil worshiping if they took part in sinful activities such as dancing. Many people were accused of being a witch with no evidence; nineteen people and two dogs were convicted and hanged. One man was crushed to death as he refused to admit he was a witch. To avoid being accused of being a witch they said that there neighbour. The girls felt better and the hysteria died down. The Literary context is about Miller and McCarthyism; McCarthyism is making accusations of disloyalty, of pro-communist activity, in many instances unsupported by proof or irrelevant evidence. Joseph McCarthy led America to become anti-communists, as communism was Russian. America was scared of Russia because of the cold war. McCarthy put many people on trial including Miller, he was accused of being a communist as he refused to answer questions. These link to the three scenes I have chosen as they show the history, such as the girls were ill, witchcraft, devils and deaths. Miller also links the literary context to the three scenes I have chosen, such as McCarthyism and trials.  Firstly I have chosen Act 1. Miller presents intimidation from the beginning of the scene, â€Å"I- do believe there was some movement-in the soup.† This shows Parris is being intimidated as the stage directions in front said fearful; you can tell he is fearful as the quotation has hyphens, which indicates a shocked pause. Abigail’s cousin, Betty, is in bed felling ill. Hale is desperate to know if the devil is involved. Abigail blames Tituba, â€Å"I never call him! Tituba, Tituba†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Abigail is persecuting Tituba as she has a lower status then her. There is an ellipsis at the end of the quotation; this shows that there is a pause. Abigail and Hale spoke about what happened in the forest. Abigail lies â€Å"I never sold myself! I’m a good girl! I’m proper girl!† Miller shows Abigail is getting angry because there are explanation marks at the end of each sentence. It is dramatic irony, the audience know that Abigail had an affaire with John but the characters don’t. Tituba then enters the room; Abigail then blames Tituba again, â€Å"She makes me drink blood! †¦She makes me laugh at prayer!† Miller shows Abigail persecuting Tituba as she treats her unfairly because of her race and status, she also uses Tituba to cover up her story. Hale now thinks that Tituba has sent her spirit upon Betty. Tituba disagrees, â€Å"I love me Betty!† Tituba is getting angry; it also shows Tituba getting annoyed because there’s an explanation mark in the quotation. Tituba’s pronouns are mixed up because she’s from the Caribbean. Parris wants Tituba to confess, â€Å"You will confess yourself or I will take you out and whip you to your death, Tituba!† This shows Parris was persecuting Tituba as he was going to hurt her. You can tell he was shouting, as there’s an explanation mark at the end of the quote. Tituba loses her power â€Å"terrified falls to her knees† Tituba’s scared she doesn’t want to get hurt so she falls on her knees with no power and confesses, this is intimidation as she feels small and is literarily small, she wants someone to comfort her like her childhood. Tituba lies to save her life. Hale is trying to get answers out of Tituba, â€Å"Who came to you with the devil? Two? Three? Four? How many?† Hale is asking short questions to find out about the devil, before the quote stage directions said kindly this shows Hale wasn’t trying to scare Tituba. Tituba is getting all the attention and Abigail is jealous â€Å"I want to open myself †¦ I want the light of God† Abigail has changed her mind as earlier Abigail said she never called the devil. Then Betty wakes and started shouting names that she supposedly saw with the devil. The curtain falls with hysteria.

The impact of Schizophrenia and Psychopathy to offending behaviour. The WritePass Journal

The impact of Schizophrenia and Psychopathy to offending behaviour. Introduction The impact of Schizophrenia and Psychopathy to offending behaviour. IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction For many years people have associated mental disorders with offending behaviour and in particular, violent offending.   According to Jones (2006 p, 383) evidence has been found that individuals who are mentally ill are at greater risk of arrest then the general population.   He argues that in an attempt to investigate the relationship between mental disorders and offending behaviour studies have been conducted which have mainly focused on mental disorder in convicted offenders and offending rates in psychiatric populations.   As a result of these studies schizophrenia and psychopathy are the two disorders that appear to be most associated with offending.   This essay will attempt to describe the terms schizophrenia and psychopathy in some detail and discuss the relation each in turn has with offending behaviour. Schizophrenia, according to Davenport (1996 p,172), is a severe mental disorder characterised with symptoms of disintegration in the thinking process, in emotional responsiveness and in contact with reality.   Social relationships become impossible and cognitive functions are disturbed.   Sufferers of schizophrenia may withdraw from other people and from everyday reality, often into a life of odd beliefs, or delusions, and hallucinations.  Ã‚   The symptoms of schizophrenia can often make stable employment difficult, resulting in impoverishment and homelessness.   The strange behaviour displayed by schizophrenics and the lack of social skills may lead to a loss of friends, a solitary existence and sometimes ridicule and persecution. The German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1896, cited by Gross, 2008. P.791)   was the first to recognise schizophrenia as a separate mental illness.   He described it as a distinct disorder which he called ‘dementia praecox’, meaning early insanity.   Kraepelin believed that the symptoms were due to a form of mental deterioration that began in adolescences.   However Bleuler (1911, cited by McGuire, Mason O’Kane, 2000, p.162), a Swiss psychiatrist, disagreed with Kraepelin, he believed that the disorder did not necessarily have an early onset and the name ‘dementia praecox’ was inappropriate.   Bleuler proposed his own term for the disorder, one that is still used today, schizophrenia.   Schizophrenia is taken from the Greek word schizein, meaning to split, and phren, meaning the mind to describe a disorder in which the personality loses its unity. Individuals with schizophrenia can significantly differ from one another and as  Ã‚   Kring et al (2010, p.321) explains this is   because the range of symptoms in the diagnosis of schizophrenia is extensive and people may only have some of them at any given time.   The symptoms of schizophrenia are divided into three categories.   The first category refers to positive symptoms and these are based on Schneider’s first rank symptoms (1959, cited by Gross, 2008 p.791) which are subjective and include delusions, hallucinations and thought disturbances.   Delusions are beliefs that are held contrary to reality and firmly held in spite of disconfirming evidence.   Hallucinations which may be visual, these are often unpleasant and frequently include violence and destruction, but are most commonly auditory, typically as voices commenting or giving instructions.   Thought disturbances are where thoughts are inserted into the mind (thought insertion), removed from the min d (thought withdrawal) or broadcast to the mind (thought broadcasting) by external forces. The second category refers to negative symptoms that are based on Slater and Roth’s major symptoms (1969, cited by Gross, 2008, p.792). These   are directly observable from the patient and include thought process disorder, disturbance of affect, psychomotor disturbance and lack of volition.   Thought process disorder refers to the inability to keep to the point and becoming easily distracted.   Disturbance of affect refers to affect that can be flat and expressionless or alternatively it can be inappropriate such as anger without provocation or laughter at misfortune.   Psychomotor disturbance can take the form of bizarre facial grimaces, repeated gesturing or excited agitation of the body; alternatively unusual postures can be adopted and held, in a state of immobility, for long periods.   Finally lack of volition refers to a lack of motivation and an absence of interest in or an inability to persist in what are usually routine activities including work, self care, social activities and affection for friends and family. The third category according to Kring et al (2010, p.324) refer to disorganised symptoms which include disorganised speech and disorganised behaviour.   Disorganised speech refers to problems in organising and maintaining a logical and coherent flow of information, whilst disorganised behaviour refers to bizarre behaviour which can take many forms, sufferers seem to lose the ability to organise behaviour in a way that conforms to usual standards, performing everyday tasks also becomes difficult. Many studies have been conducted to examine the relationship, if any, between schizophrenia and offending behaviour, some of these studies have shown that there is a relationship between the two. For example Green (1981, cited by Jones, 2006, p. 389) conducted a survey of 58 men admitted to mental hospitals after they had killed their mothers and discovered that 75% of them were suffering from schizophrenia.   Taylor (1986, p.76) conducted a survey of life sentence prisoners in London and discovered a high level of schizophrenia. These findings are inconsistent with the work of Monahan and Steadman (1983, cited by McGuire, Mason and O’Kane, 2000, p.165) who conducted an influential review of research that was conducted prior to the early 1980. Their findings suggested that there was little if any relationship between offending behaviour and schizophrenia.   They argue that many of the studies that appear to suggest a link between schizophrenia and offending behaviour have failed to take into account demographic factors such as poverty and unemployment.   When these kinds of factors were considered, the apparent relationship between schizophrenia and offending behaviour, particularly violence, disappeared. However, Mullen (2006, p.241) suggests that many of the factors that produce offending in the general population are important in producing offending in schizophrenia.   These include disturbed backgrounds, poor social conditions, unemployment and substance abuse, among others.   But those with schizophrenia may be more vulnerable to those influences and this in turn may increase offending behaviour. Whilst Walsh, Buchanan Fahy (2002, p.490) acknowledge that until the early 1980s the general opinion was that people with schizophrenia were no more likely than the general population to be violent they claim that view is now outdated.   They conducted a review of the main studies that have influenced current thinking about the association between schizophrenia and offending, in particular violence, between January 1990 and December 2000.   Three different approaches were examined and these included studies on violent acts in those with schizophrenia, schizophrenia in individuals who have committed violent acts and violence in those with and without schizophrenia, regardless of involvement with the mental health or criminal justice systems.   They found that the majority of studies conducted over the past two decades have demonstrated a statistical association between schizophrenia and violence.   Furthermore that people with schizophrenia are significantly more likely to be violent than members of the general population. Finally that the proportion of violence attributed to people suffering with schizophrenia is small. The second mental disorder that is most associated with offending behaviour is psychopathy. Psychopathy, according to McLaughlin and Muncie (2006, p.323) is a collection of personality traits that lead to emotional or behavioural problems serious enough to require psychiatric evaluation.   Psychopaths have no concern for the feelings of others and a complete disregard of any sense of social obligation.   Psychopaths are characterised by lack of empathy, poor impulse control and manipulative behaviours.   Kring et al (2010, p.368) argue that psychopathic people have no shame, and their seemingly positive feelings for others are merely an act.   They are superficially charming and use that charm to manipulate others for personal gain and satisfaction. Psychopathy was first recognised in the early 1800s where the term was used in Austrian psychiatry text books but as Jones (2006, p.392) explains, it was not until 1976 in his classic book The Mask of Sanity that Hervey Cleckley drew on his clinical experience to formulate diagnostic criteria for Psychopathy.   Cleckley’s criteria for psychopathy focused less on behaviour as such and more on the person’s thoughts and feelings.   Kring et al (2010, p.368) explain that Cleckley produced a checklist which consisted of 16 distinguishable characteristics of a psychopath, although various researchers have tried to identify the typical characteristics of a psychopath.   They go on to argue that there has been widespread approval of 6 key elements described by Cleckley, they are lack of guilt or remorse, an inability to learn from experience, an inability to delay gratification, an inability to form emotional ties, the constant seeking of stimulation and a superficial cha rm. The most commonly used scale that attempts to operationalise the concept of psychopathy and make assessment more reliable according to Kring et al (2010 p,270), was developed by Robert Hare in 1991 and is called the psychopathy checklist revised, known as the PCL-R test.   The checklist, based on Cleckley’s criteria, is a 20 item clinical rating scale that is completed through interview and information gathered from other sources including criminal records, social worker reports and case histories.   The scale divides into two linked factors, factor one includes interpersonal items, such as superficial charm, grandiose sense of self worth and pathological lying, and affective symptoms such as lack of remorse or empathy.   Finally factor two measures socially deviant or anti social lifestyles, such as proneness to boredom and delinquency. The exact relationship between psychopathy and offending behaviour according to Mclaughlin and Muncie (2006, p323) has not been completely understood but it is clear that psychopathic charachteristics are highly associated with offending.   Among offenders who score highly on the PCL-R test there are also high levels of criminality and violence.   Hobson and Shine (1998, p.504) findings supports this view, they found that once imprisoned, psychopaths display more violent and aggressive behaviour and are more frequently segregated from other prisoners.   Furthermore, after release, the likelihood of reconviction is significantly above that for non psychopaths, particularly for violent crimes.   This view is shared by Hemphill et al (1998, cited by Gross 2008, p.842) after his Meta analysis study found that psychopathic offenders were three times as likely to reoffend and four times more likely to violently reoffend within a year of release than non psychopathic offenders. The criteria of the PCL-R test may show how psychopathic characteristics relate to offending behaviour.   According to McLaughlin and Muncie (2006, p.323) the criteria of factor one for example, which   includes grandiose sense of self worth and arrogance, highlights the need of psychopathic individuals to feel they are of high status, this need could be satisfied through various types of offending.   Being pathological liars can also facilitate certain types of offending behaviour.   Psychopaths do not feel the usually constraining emotions of guilt, remorse or empathy; as a result of these lacks of constraints the likelihood of offending behaviour in psychopathic individuals is increased.  Ã‚   The emotional volatility of psychopathic individuals may also explain the increased violence that is evident from the studies previously mentioned. The second factor of the PCL-R which includes characteristics like proneness to boredom, impulsivity and delinquency can demonstrate w hy offending behaviour in psychopathic individuals is increased. The examination of any relationship between psychopathy and offending behaviour is not helped by the unsatisfactory definition of the disorder. Jones (2006, p.393) argues that   the definition is circular in that there are certain behaviours that are used to help assess the disorder, the disorder is then, in turn used to explain these behaviours.   He goes on that there is already an established link between psychopathy and offending behaviour as it seems crime is incorporated into the definition of the disorder, he concludes that by the very nature of the characteristics of psychopathy, in essence, psychopathic behaviour is criminal behaviour. On analysis of both mental disorder in convicted offenders and offending rates in the psychiatric population it is easy to establish a firm relationship between the two mental disorders described in this essay and offending behaviour.   Schizophrenia is the disorder that is probably the most associated with violent offending, although the actual number does appear to be very small.   There is also an established link between psychopathy and offending behaviour although, that does seem to be incorporated in the definition of the disorder. References Davenport, G.C. (1996). Essential Psychology. (2nd ed.). London: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. Gross, R. (2008) Psychology The Science Of Mind And Behaviour. (5th ed).   London: Hodder Education. Hobson, J., Shine, J. (1998). Measurement of Psychopathy in a UK prison population referred for long term psychotherapy. British Journal of Criminology, 38,3, 504-515 Jones, S. (2006). Criminology. (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press Kring, A., Johnson, S., Davison, G., Neale, J. (2010). Abnormal Psychology. (11th Ed). West Sussex: Wiley Sons Ltd. McGuire, J., Mason, T., O’Kane, A. (Eds) (2000). Behaviour, Crime and Legal Process .   West Sussex: Wiley Sons Ltd. McLaughlin, E. Muncie, J. (2006). The Sage Dictionary of Criminology (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications Ltd. Mullen, P.E. (2006). Schizophrenia and Violence: From Correlation to Preventive Strategies, Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 12, 239-248 Taylor, P. (1986). Psychiatric disorders in London’s Life Sentenced Offenders. British Journal of Criminology,   26, 63-78 Walsh, E., Buchanan, A., Fahy, T. (2002). Violence and Schizophrenia – Examining the Evidence. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 490-495.

Prepare for a Test That Is 3 Months Away

Prepare for a Test That Is 3 Months Away If youre preparing to take a standardized test like the SAT or GRE (among others), you need months- not weeks or days- to get ready. Now, some people will try to prepare for a test like this by cramming at the last minute, but those people rarely achieve good test scores! In your case, youve given yourself three months, so you have plenty of time to study for whichever standardized test youre taking. This schedule should help you prepare for a test that is three months away. Month 1 Week 1 Make sure youve registered for your exam!Buy a test prep bookReview the test basics: whats on the test, length, price, test dates, registration facts, testing strategies, etc.Get a baseline score. Take one of the full-length practice tests inside the book to see what score youd get if you took the test today.Map out your time with a time management chart to see where test prep can fit in. Rearrange your schedule if necessary to accommodate test prep. Week 2 Review your test prep options if you think that studying on your own will not be ideal!  Choose and purchase a test prep option (tutoring, a different set of books, online courses, classes, etc.)If you are studying on your own, move this schedule up a week and start going into week 3s material. Week 3 Begin coursework with your weakest subject (Subject A) as demonstrated by the baseline score.Learn the components of Subject A fully: types of questions asked, amount of time needed, skills required, methods of solving types of questions, knowledge tested. Acquire the knowledge necessary for this section by searching on the Internet, going through old textbooks, reading articles, etc. Week 4 Answer Subject A practice questions, reviewing answers after each one. Determine where youre making mistakes and correct your methods. Keep learning content of this section. Month 2 Week 1 Take a practice test on Subject A to determine level of improvement from baseline score.Fine-tune A by going over questions missed to determine what level of knowledge youre missing. Reread information until you know it! Week 2 Move on to next weakest subject (Subject B). Learn the components of B fully: types of questions asked, amount of time needed, skills required, methods of solving types of questions, etc.Answer Subject B practice questions, reviewing answers after each one. Determine where youre making mistakes and correct your methods. Week 3 Take a practice test on B to determine level of improvement from baselineFine tune B by going over questions missed to determine what level of knowledge youre missing. Review that material. Week 4 Move on to strongest subject/s (Subject C). Learn the components of C fully (and D and E if you have more than three sections on the test) (types of questions asked, amount of time needed, skills required, methods of solving types of questions, etc.)Answer practice questions on Subject C (D and E). These are your strongest subjects, so youll need less time to focus on them. Month 3 Week 1 Take a practice test on C (D and E) to determine level of improvement from baselineFine tune C (D and E) by going over questions missed to determine what level of knowledge youre missing. Review that material. Week 2 Take a full-length practice test, simulating the testing environment as much as possible with time constraints, desk, limited breaks, etc.Grade your practice test and cross-check every wrong answer with the explanation for your wrong answer. Determine what youve missed and what you need to do to improve. Week 3 Take another full-length practice test, simulating the testing environment again. Again, go through every missed problem, looking for weaknesses. Week 4 Review questions you have missed and answer practice questions related only to those types of questions. Study apps can help you single out these specific types of questions.  Eat brain food.Get plenty of sleepReview test tips to make your test-taking more efficient.Plan some fun evenings to help you relaxThe day before the test,  read through testing strategies for the exam.Pack your testing supplies the night before: an approved calculator if youre allowed to have one, sharpened #2 pencils with a soft eraser, registration ticket, photo ID, watch, snacks or drinks for breaks. Get plenty of sleep the night before, making sure you dont change your routine from your normal routine.  Relax. You studied for your test and youre ready to go!

The Amish Way of Life and Culture Research Paper

The Amish Way of Life and Culture - Research Paper Example The first is the pity on a person who would not take advantage of technological advancements to ease the burden of his life and will lack the distinctiveness of individuality and modernization to decide his own way towards progress. The other view is the honesty, integrity and qualities of the saint hood in the Amish culture and traditions that portray them as the only true Christians remained on earth. The stagnant nature of Amish society has turned it into a tourist attraction but by no means neither are an archaeological discovery nor are the relics of a forgotten world. The only thing is that they have evolved their own perspective about the modernization of the other large cultures and have learned their own way to life in homogeneity with the larger society. They exhibit a deviating strategy of modernization than others (Kraybill, 2001). So called civilized ways have as always been in disagreement with Amish ways of life and culture as decades ago. The argument that Amish impos e greater fatigue and stress on themselves and their generations by denying use of modern technology to ease life or that they really want a more simple life needs validation. Survival, increase in life expectancy and transformation of tribes into rural and urban societies has been taught by the developments in the civilizations. However, Amish ways have taught us the cost of human life, when children leave their parents to old homage, people estrange from neighbors and spiritual and traditional life is cast away in paced forward life style (Hostetler, 1993). The purpose of this report is to communicate the Amish way of life and culture to equip reader with the comprehensive knowledge and place him in a position where he can develop an understanding of diversity in human cultures. The reports focuses on the formulation of Amish believes, development of communal life, ability to avoid rapid modernization, and consequences of a slow changing society. The Amish History Hostetler (1993) is of the view that most of the followers of the European history are well aware of religious movement Protestant Reformations in 16th century led by Martin Luther with aim to counter the imprudent and lavish expenses of the church. However, in the same time another significant movement was in place to reform the church based on religious teachings of Christianity in around 1525 originated at Zurich led by Ulrich Zwingli. This group was formally named as Brethren, also known as Anabaptists meaning rebaptizers. The major principle of this group was to baptized volunteer adults rather than children and distance from the worldly desires. The aim of Brethren was to form a church free from any state and political influences. Soon after its formation, the movement grew rapidly and its members were persecuted both by Roman church and by the faction of Martin Luther, who felt threatened by their ideology and radicalism. The consequences of these persecutions were prayers at night and meeti ngs at secret places. This is often viewed as a strong reason of their withdrawal from society. In the beginning there were indeed no influential leaders, thus the movement remained divided among different factions each with their own agenda and path to achieve it. One of the most renowned Anabaptist leaders was Menno Simons, who joined the movement in 1536. He made many efforts to unite all the factions of the Anabaptist movement under one umbrella. His followers are now known as Mennonites (Hostetler,

Geographies of war, occupation, resistance, and terrorism Essay - 1

Geographies of war, occupation, resistance, and terrorism - Essay Example It goes without saying that most the Arab World has thrown their weight behind Palestine while the US and its Western allies are behind Israel. In June 7, 1981, Israel had attacked and crippled a nuclear reactor before it became operational in a town near Baghdad. Although it claimed self defense, it came under intense criticism even from US their main allies. Much later, the same strategy was used by US to lead a foreign invasion on Iraq under the guise of different reasons (Kramer & Michalowski, 2005). This paper then will try to answer the question why the US invaded Iraq under Bush administration. Plausible Explanation for the Invasion There are many official justifications that were offered by the Bush administration for its invasion of Iraq. The three main ones were that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction, had strong ties with al-Qaeda which all turned to be false after the invasion. The third one was that the sectarian US government was trying to bring democracy in Baghdad. However, unofficially, there are other plausible explanations include control of oil fields and business and for strategic interests. Another explanation that has been overtly explored in the recent past is the assertion that the Israel government and its key supporters in US government caused the Iraq Invasion (Mearsheimer & Walt, 2006). Israel has been over the recent past been dominated by right wing governments and their policies have been supported by their US supporters and have led increased tensions in the Arab world and needless human suffering. However, the idea of invading Iraq is not one of their agendas because it had no value to Israel and if anything it only increased hostility towards Israel in the region (Robert, 2002). It is true that this invasion was supported by many Israel sympathizers and a majority of US Congress members of Jewish origin voted in favor of war resolution together with the American-Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC). Indeed, AIPAC had long been touted as an ardent lobbying and supporter of US invasion of Iraq. Although AIPAC had enormous influence on the matters pertaining to the Israel-Palestinian conflict when it came to congressional voting, it had no role in lobbying for the invasion of Iraq. This was largely due to the knowledge that there was an enormous bipartisan support within the US government to invade oil rich Iraq. There were more powerful interests by the US government than the interests of AIPAC in this country like the arms industry, oil deals among other special interests. As such, these interests from the US government and other lobbyist far outweighed the interests of the Zionist lobby groups (Stephen, 2013). Many people and political analysts have tried to point to Israel as the prime suspect for the invasion by quoting many American Zionists and Israeli officials. However, those who are quoted in support of the invasion had expressed their sentiments after the decision to invade Iraq had been arr ived at in 2002. The invasion intended back then was a two thronged attack which later would be extended to Iran later. What this means is that the Israel lobby groups and the Israeli government was willing to procure public support for an invasion campaign which the Bush led US government had independently determined to undertake. In addition, the Bush administration was an ardent supporter of Israel course of actions in its