Seed priming technique Essay Example

Seed preparing strategy Paper Reflection Seed preparing is a strategy by which seeds are halfway hydrated to a point where growing procedures start yet fanatic outgrowth does non occur. Preparing can be discovered adequate both for leguminous plants and grain harvests. A pot analyze was directed under green house conditions at Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi during summer of 2007. The seeds were fortified by conventional soakage ( hydropriming ) , osmo-molding ( splashing of seeds in circulated air through, low-water-potential arrangements ) using, potassium di-hydrogen phosphate KH2PO4, Mannitol, Polyethylene ethanediol ( PEG ) , sodium molybdate ( Na2MO4.2H2O ) and hormonal preparing by using salicylic corrosive ( SA ) . The extents of osmotic strength for all the preparing intercessions were - 0.5 to - 1.2 M Pa. All the liveliness intercessions essentially influenced works vitality, biomass, root, shoot length and nodulation. Osmopriming using P @ 0.60 % applied in the signifier of KH2PO4 essen tially improved seed vitality in footings of normal outgrowth cut ( 5.52 to 4.51 yearss ) , finishing up growing per centum ( 74 to 89 % ) root and shoot length and nodulation ( 0 to 4 knobs seedling-1 ) followed by Osmitrol preparing ( Mannitol @ 2 % ) . By and large all the seed preparing strategies essentially improved the vitality of mungbean seedlings as correlation with order. The utilization of polythene ethanediol is costly and gave comparable outcomes concerning dry seeding so it ought to be supplanted by hydropriming in farther trials. It is suggested that supplement preparing and osmopriming can be utilized as useful instrument for activity of mungbean seeds, for better developing and seedling constitution. We will compose a custom paper test on Seed preparing method explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Seed preparing procedure explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Seed preparing procedure explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Cardinal words: Osmo-preparing, hydropriming, Vigna radiata, seedling vitality, nodulation Presentation Seed preparing is an example by which seeds are halfway hydrated to a point where growing procedures start however radical outgrowth does non happen ( Harris et al. , 2000 ) . Seed preparing can be discovered useful for vegetables for example , yields of Mungbean and Chickpea were expanded well by preparing seeds for 8 H before seeding ( Harris et al. , 1999 ; Musa et al. , 2001 ; Rashid et al. , 2004 ) . Mungbean ( Vigna radiata ( L. ) Wilczek ) is developed on more than 200,000 hour point with creation of in excess of 100,000 T under rainfed and flooded conditions in Pakistan. Yields for the rainfed nation are all things considered low and variable because of scanty, flighty precipitation and fringy soils. Mungbean creation in Punjab Province is needy predominantly on surface water system however it is other than developed under downpour took care of conditions. In the Southern piece of Pakistan precipitation is exposed and mungbean is developed with surface water system simply. Poor reap constitution is a significant restriction for mungbean creation ( Naseem et. al. , 1997 ; Rahmianna et al. , 2000 ) and high yields can be related with early vitality ( Kumar et al. , 1989 ) . Improved seed liveliness strategies are being utilized to chop down the growing clasp, to get synchronized growing, better growing rate, and better seedling base in numerous green ( Bradford et al. 1990 ; Rudrapal and Nakamura 1998 ) and field harvests like wheat, corn ( Aquilla and Tritto 1991 ; Basra et Al. 2002 ) and all the more late rice ( Farooq et al. 2004 ) . These liveliness methods incorporate hydropriming, osmoconditioning ( Basra et al. 2005 ) , osmohardening ( Farooq et al. 2006 ) and indurating ( Farooq et al. 2004 ) . These intercessions can other than be utilized for before and better babys room base constitution ( Lee et al. 1998 ) . This review was started to investigate the impacts of circulated air through hydration, hormonal preparing ( salicylic corrosive ) , nutritious preparing ( Phosphorous and molybdenum trouble ) and osmo-molding on mungbean ( vigna radiata ) seed vitality under green house conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seed stuff Seeds of mungbean cultivar Chakwal Mung-97 ( CH-MUNG 97 ) were gotten from Barani Agricultural Research Institute ( BARI ) , Chakwal. The seeds were disinfected by using 30 % hypochlorite for five proceedingss thus washed multiple times with refined H2O. Seed Treatments The accompanying seed preparing intercessions were applied Food preparing The seeds were absorbed circulated air through arrangement of phosphoric ( P @ 0.60 A ; 1.20 % ) and molybdate ( Mo @ 0.02 A ; 0.04 % ) . The beginnings for phosphoric and Mo were potassium dihydrogen phosphate ( KH2PO4 ) and sodium molybdate ( Na2MoO4.2H2O ) , severally. Osmopriming The seeds were absorbed circulated air through arrangements of Osmitrol ( mannitol @ 2 % A ; 4 % ) and polyethylene glycole ( Polyethylene glycol @ 5 % A ; 10 % ) . Hormonal preparing The seeds were absorbed circulated air through arrangement of salicylic corrosive ( SA @ 10 A ; 20 ppm ) Post intercession activities After seed medicines the seeds were given surface flushing multiple times by refined H2O. Air circulation was other than applied by siphon. Air dried soil was set in 10-cm tall plastic pots with 6-cm width. The earth utilized in the pot analyze was straw colored soil holding pH of 7.9. Earth was made brittle by rubing the surface with a two centimeter expansive table fork to a profundity of 1-cm of clammy soil. The seeds were other than vaccinated before seeding. Ten Numberss of seeds were planted in each pot and diminished to six workss per pot. Comparative whole of H2O applied in ordinary spans to all pots under study. The workss were collected 21 yearss subsequent to seeding ( DAS ) , and seedlings root/shoot length were taken. The seedlings were dried at 75 oC for 48 hours and the dry undertaking was in the end decided. The total randomized structure ( CRD ) was utilized in pot try. Investigation of inconsistency ( ANOVA ) was utilized to analyze mediation offices. Result The data demonstrated that diverse seed preparing mediations had significant ( p lt ; 0.05 ) result on normal outgrowth cut ( MET ) . The normal outgrowth cut diminished with the use of seed preparing mediations. Maximal normal outgrowth cut ( 5.52 yearss ) saw in T1 ( control ) where dry untreated seeds were planted. Least ( 4.51 yearss ) MET was seen in T5 ( P @ 0.06 % applied in the signifier of KH2PO4 ) . All the mediations brought about lower MET as correlation with order ( 5.52 yearss ) . The data other than uncovered comparable inclination with respect to fifty for every centum ( E50 ) seeds to rise as of MET. The most minimal E50 was seen in T5 ( P @ 0.60 % ) . There was significant ( p lt ; 0.05 ) result of various seed preparing strategies on dry load of 21 yearss old seedlings ( Fig 1 ) . The maximal new and dry weight was acquired in T5. All the preparing mediations expanded the new and dry load of the seedlings aside from T2 and T12. Similarly far as finishing up growing is concerned maximal growing was accomplished in T5 ( P @ 0.60 % ) . The most reduced growing per centum was seen in T11 and T12 where polythene ethanediol was applied at the pace of five ( 5 ) and ten ( 10 ) per centum ( Table 1 ) . There was significant ( p lt ; 0.05 ) outcome of various seed preparing procedures on knob development and figure of 21 yearss old seedlings ( Fig 1 ) . All the preparing methods fundamentally expanded the nodulation of seedlings as correlation with order aside from T10 and T12. Most extreme knob figure was seen in T5 ( P @ 0.60 % ) followed by T3 ( Mo @ 0.02 % ) . The data other than delineates that T9 and T11 are at standard and T1, T10 and T12 gave comparative outcomes. The data portrays that seed preparing had significant effect on the root each piece great as shoot length, 21 yearss in the wake of seeding ( DAS ) . All the preparing mediations essentially expanded the root each piece great as shoot length of seedlings. The data uncovered that T5 ( P @ 0.60 % ) and T9 ( mannitol @ 2 % ) gave the best results. The least root length ( 4.56 centimeter ) was seen in charge. T4 ( Mo @ 0.04 % ) demonstrated lower root length than T2 and T3 ( Mo @ 0.02 % ) and higher from control. Treatment T6 ( P @ 1.2 % ) demonstrated lower root length than T5 ( P @ 0.06 % ) and at standard with T1 and T4. Hormonal preparing using salicylic corrosive ( SA @ 20 ppm ) other than indicated lower root length than T7 ( SA @ 10 ppm ) and at standard with T4 and T6. The data other than indicated that T10 ( mannitol @ 4 % ) is lower than T9 ( mannitol @ 2 % ) and at standard with T7. The data other than portrays that T12 ( PEG @ 10 % ) demonstrated lower root length as correlat ion with T11 ( PEG @ 5 % ) which indicated other than higher root length than every single other mediation aside from T2 and T9 ( Figure 1 ) . Maximal shoot length saw in the T5 ( P @ 0.06 % ) followed by T9 ( mannitol @ 2 % ) . The data other than portrays the most limited shoot length was seen in the control. The data other than uncovered that T4 brought about lower shoot length than T3 and T2. It is other than clear that T6 is lower than T5 and at standard with T3 and T2 ( Figure 1 ) . T8 demonstrated higher shoot length than T7 and at standard with T2, T3 and T6. Medicines T9 and T10 and T11, T12 other than demonstrated comparable outcomes. Conversation Prior and progressively unvarying growing and outgrowth was seen in fit seeds as showed by lower MET and E50, higher growing per centum and root and shoot dry weight ( tables 1 ) . Lesser MET and E50 indicate the prior and quick growing. These discoveries bolster the foremost work on canola ( Brassica compestris ) ( Zheng et al. , 1994 ) , wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) ( Nayyar et al. , 1995 ) and rice ( Oryza sativa ) ( Lee and Kim 2000 ; Basra et al. , 2003 ) who depicted improved growing rate and per c

How does Shakespeare introduce themes in these acts both verbally and visually Free Essays

sixth January in Shakespeare’s day, this was a day of satire where individuals traded jobs and spruced up for the day preceding returning to ordinary life. The play name can be identified with this Twelfth Night. The play is created as you go from multiple points of view and data is given to add to past or past minutes. We will compose a custom exposition test on How does Shakespeare present topics in these demonstrations both verbally and outwardly? or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now The play begins as a wreck and twins are destroyed for one another by the severe ocean. The female of the twins is safeguarded and is left on her own not knowing whether her sibling be in any condition she is left to deal with herself. In this exposition I will concentrate on who I believe are the principle characters and in what ways they add to the topics in the initial 2 acts both outwardly and verbally. The crowd will have the option to stick point effectively where and what the cleverness implies yet there are more jokes which need to thought about profoundly to get them. Love that is a subject and that is what is being grown first to give the crowd a superior comprehension of occasions to come. Orsino who is profoundly enthused by Olivia the ‘Fair, merciless maid’ will do what ever it takes to get his adoration. Orsino is a pertrachan too is Olivia he will save nothing to get what he needs. Orsino likes his music ‘ If music be the food of affection play on, give me abundance of it. ‘ But he gets exhausted of the tune as quick as he requested it. Orsino is additionally tempted when he hears that Olivia will not engage his ambassador he just gets increasingly enthusiastic about getting her. Orsino considers himself to be simply the ideal sweetheart however extremely just likes himself being enamored. The topic further creates in light of the fact that Viola needs a vocation and the main way she can get one is by camouflaging herself as a man. Her new name being Cesario. The crowd realize Viola is in outfit yet Orsino doesn’t. This is presently where the play is additionally evolved in light of the fact that nobody can get what they need all the characters have various deterrents to survive. Viola at that point acknowledges she enjoys Orsino ‘ I’ll put forth a valiant effort to charm your woman. [Aside] Yet, a barful struggle! Whoe’er I charm, myself would be his significant other. ‘ Meaning she needs to be his better half this is love in mask. ‘I am not what I am. ‘ Viola says this and this is genuine she never again is Viola she is Cesario. Which we would expect in light of the fact that twelfth Night is tied in with sprucing up and deluding others. Mask is a monstrous piece of the topic in twelfth Night, why? Since everyone is taking cover behind a veil or outfit. Olivia grieving her sibling constantly behind a shroud, Viola attempting to fit in and Feste the entertainer who tsk-tsk is shrewd and extensively mindful of the circumstance is continually changing his demeanor and his outfit. The crowd know at this point the peril that is blending from the masks and know the two characters of one individual. Feste the numb-skull who is no idiot at all is liable for a great deal of verbal mind and then some. The confirmation of this is he uncovered Olivia for grieving her sibling. ‘I think his spirit is in heck, Madonna. ‘ Olivia-‘I realize his spirit is in paradise, fool,’ ‘The more imbecile you Madonna to grieve for your siblings soul being in paradise. Feste has deceived her uncovering simultaneously. The he reveals the camouflage of Viola saying ‘Jove in his next product of hair send thee a facial hair. ‘ The melodies that Feste sing originate from the heart and this assists with uncovering his character he talks reality in the words that he sings. He likewise messes with Sir Toby and Andrew. There is erroneousness in different characters like Sir Toby and Sir Andrew. These two characters are not what they appear for away from plain view they resemble kids in a grown-up world. Sir Toby when in organization is a refined men an individual of nobility and force yet his conduct doesn't show this. He jumps at the chance to drink a great deal and is a long way from calm. He gets a kick out of the chance to sing and move not sit and be formal he gets a kick out of the chance to appear as something else. ‘ To hear by the nose, it is dulcet in virus. In any case, we make welkin move surely? Will we stir the evening person in a catch that we will draw three spirits out of one weaver? Will we do that? ‘ (Drink until the sky turns round). This isn't what a conventional scholarly would do. Malvolio woken up in the night by their tipsiness declares ‘My experts are ye distraught or what are you’ Malvolio isn't satisfied him taking care of business of ordinariness. Sir Andrew also is one for drink however without a mind likes to have some good times and be too as noisy as Toby. The entirety of this is visual appearance and Shakespeare needs you to see this. Malvolio is likewise one for trickiness yet he is just beguiling himself. Malvolio is a steward and that's it and has thoughts path over his station as Toby brings up. The plot to trick him is merited for his haughtiness, however we stand by to see where it closes. Olivia unmistakably states, he is ‘Sick of self love’ and can't unwind in any circumstance. The following topic created is that if bewilderment or silliness. This subject isn't especially enormous in the beginning times of the play yet based on what's going on you can reveal to it will be a fundamental topic later to come. Individuals in the play are not what they appear nor what they genuinely are, and afterward a component is creating mayhem. We the peruser or crowd realizes who will be who right now yet the entertainers don't for instance no body realizes that Cesario is really viola in mask despite the fact that Feste has his doubts yet that is the general purpose the component of shock the day of exchanging places twelfth night that is what is implied by the name. The crowd likewise realize that her twin sibling Sebastian is as yet alive and has not died and considerably all the more astounding he is in the land as her. You can think about what may occur there. The possibility to confound between these two individuals is huge, as they look so comparable. This is a major visual guide as we trust that their ways will cross. Shakespeare’s entire point in the play is to give visual or verbal jokes whether they are droll parody for less learned or confounded circumstances that resemble inconvenience. The entire Shakespeare intention isn't amusing, entertaining nor fun. It is show and bitterness. Shakespeare is setting a show through satire the play is set around trust, who would you be able to trust. Nobody in the play each individual has there own little mystery. Camouflage is slippery as viola brings up, ‘Disguise through craftsmanship a fiendishness wherein the pregnant adversary does a lot. ‘ Therefore satire isn't what it appears it itself is a mask for an a lot darker side to life an a lot more hopeless and inconceivable side nothing we could have thought of. Step by step instructions to refer to How does Shakespeare present topics in these demonstrations both verbally and outwardly?, Papers

Illini 4000

Illini 4000 Hello friends! In recent blogs I have talked a lot about the Illini 4000. This organization has changed my entire college experience and I could not be happier that I joined. I think its finally time that I blogged about I4K so you can get the full rundown. To begin, Illini 4000 is a student-run nonprofit registered student organization that raises money for cancer research and patient support services through annual cross country bike rides. Since the organization began in 2007, we have raised over 1.3 million dollars. This summer, we will send out our 13th team to bike from New York City to San Francisco. This is the 2019 Bike America Team; check out their profiles! Crater Lake National Park What the Illini 4000 does that is different from other cross country organizations is collect stories through The Portraits Project. The PP is a branch of I4K committed to documenting the American cancer experience and creating a network for those who have been affected by cancer. Along the ride, riders meet and interact with a ton of people and unfortunately, it is rare when we meet someone who has no connection to cancer. When we meet those with a connection, we ask them to tell us their story. The people we talk to arent always cancer patients or survivors. We often find ourselves talking to caregivers, family members, friends, medical personnel, anyone with a connection to cancer. Now that you have the overview of the Illini 4000, I wanted to share how I found out about it. Before freshman year, I came to Illinois to register for classes. I remember in passing I heard one of the orientation leaders say theres even a group that bikes across the country, and my reaction was, I could never. When we biked through campus!UIUC Alright, now lets fast forward to Sights and Sounds during orientation week (Its where you take your huge class picture!). Multiple different organizations went up and presented and one was Illini 4000. They mentioned that they biked to raise money for cancer research. At the time, my best friends mom (who was my second mom) was fighting cancer. I told myself that I was going to go to an info session. At first I decided that I wasnt going to apply and wait until the next year, the application deadline had passed and it was too late. A week later, my best friends mom passed. I was devastated. I recieved an email from the Illini 4000, they had extended the deadline for the application by a week. That very night, I sat down in the basement of my residence hall and applied to the team. I told myself I was going to do it, and I was going to do it for Donna. I later recieved an email with my acceptance to the 2017 Bike America Team. Yeah, so thats how I ended up joining I4K. I still think it was one of the best decisions I made. Alright, so I was on the team, now what? We start training, fundraising, and taking care of ride logistics. As riders, we had to train twice a week, once with our team. The training allowed us to get in better shape and get to know our team members. In addition, we were responsible for raising $4,000. That number scared me so I tried everything I could to get there. I called friends, family, old teachers, anyone who could possibly donate. In addition, I raised money through on-campus fundraisers! That went on until spring break and we were finally hopping on our bikes to learn how to ride like a team. This video cracks me up every time. This is the team returning from showers on the last night of the ride.Palmyra California As the Illini 4000, we think it is absoultely crucial for everyone to ride safely. This is why the organization spends weeks before the actual ride training. We learn how to make call outs to warn riders behind us of stuff on the road or potholes, how to draft on a windy day, behave as cyclist around cars, and how to ride a road bike. Most of the people who join I4K are not cyclists, one of my teammates didnt even know how to ride a bike. Because of this, we take training very seriously to ensure everyone is ready to hit the road for the next 70 days. At that point, we passed training and were ready to head to NYC. We dont ride with our gear and backpacks on us and instead have a van that holds all our stuff and drives past us when we were riding. Everyone on the team gets the same backpack and amount of space in the van for one sleeping bag and pad. With limited space, we really had to pack light. I brought 3 t-shirts, 2 jerseys, 1 dress, 1 pair of hiking sandals, 1 bathing suit, 2 shorts, 2 biking shorts, and other small essentials (toothbrush, soap, etc.). Those were the only things I wore the entire summer and I am going to be honest, it makes getting ready so much faster. Some days we camped. Yellowstone National Park We hopped on a train to NYC and headed off. We handle all the ride logistics throughout the school year so we know exactly where we are going, staying, and what route we are riding before we even start. This way we can focus more on safety and having fun! Once in NYC, we had a day to explore but after that it was game time! I will still never forget how crazy it was to start the ride. Here are some pictures I found from the very start of the ride when we arrived to NYC. Ignore my overly enthusiastic voice but we had made it to NYC! I took this video a few minutes after getting off the train. You can definitely tell we were all pretty excited for this. This is a video that portrays our very first night together as a team. As you can tell it gets a bit cramped. But not all stay overs were this small, we normally had a lot of room to spread out. Its like a giant sleepover with your 26 best friends! As you can see from the last video, its like camping indoors. Along the ride we stayed in churches, YMCAs, schools, homes, anywhere that let our team stay overnight for free (we want to cut expenses as much as possible so we can donate more). We also ate a hardy diet of oatmeal, PBJ, and spaghetti with lentils. A lot of the time we received donations from restaurants or our host would provide us dinner. I really learned about American hospitality that summer. Everyone was willing to help. All we had to do was ask! The sacred image of my very first PBJ on the ride! We had left the bread out in the sun for so long it actually toasted. We kept riding and riding until we passed every state and eventually made it to San Franscico. We biked through mountains, cities, and many cornfields, but in the end, it was an absolute blessing having completed the ride with my team. At the end of the blog I will upload a ton of pictures you can all check out and Ill add a link to a video one of my teammates made of the ride. We had made it ??San Franscisco Bridge The last thing I want to mention is that if you are in any way interested in doing I4K throughout your time at Illinois, please reach out! Comment below and I can answer any questions you may have. I currently serve as the Director of Marketing on our board. Anyone can bike from NYC to San Franscico. I had so many doubts but they were all proven wrong. Summer 2017 will always hold a special place in my heart. Thats all for this one friends, have a great start of spring! JN The 2017 Bike America Team When we had officially biked our 4,000th mile! We still had a few days left but it was a big deal for us.7/11 parking lot on the side of the road Cheesin because I had never been so happy (and sad) in my life. We had made it to CALI!!!!! The day we all went white water rafting.Missula Montana One of many groups (and individuals) we met doing their own cross country adventures!Big Horn Mountain One of the MANY national parks we biked through!Mount Rushmore National Monument SOOOO MANY VIEWS! Grand Tetons National Park I4K Christmas in Jackson Falls Oregon Julissa Class of 2020 I am majoring in Integrative Biology within the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. I am from Lemont, a small southwest suburb of Chicago. If you want to read about the daily life of a student on campus and get some tips and tricks in the trade, my post are for you!

Catcher in the Rye Essay Holden - The Misfit Hero

The Misfit Hero of The Catcher In The Rye The Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger was published in 1951. A recurring theme in J.D. Salingers stories concerns people who dont fit in with the traditional American Culture. Salingers misfit heroes, unlike the rest of society, are caught in the struggle between a superficial world and a conscious morality (1 Wildermuth). In his attempt to create a new and realistic portrayal of the times, Salinger first, effectively creates Holden Caulfield, the main character. Second, he sends his character on a quest, and third he titles his novel to sum up the whole overview of the story. In creating his character, Holden Caulfield, Salinger uses profanities and obscenities as an†¦show more content†¦It is also a Quest. Holden seeks for a new home where he can become involved in people and life without the inevitable pain and disillusionment that seems to come with involvement (9 Kaplan). However, Holden seeks for this new home in the world beyond the limits of his adolescent experience. The dangers that he encounters are therefore metaphorical dangers created out of the contemporary mass culture-the loss of individuality, of accepted values, of intellectual autonomy (9 Kaplan). Holden is a mid-twentieth century innocent, especially in orientation to the code of the practical world of material achievement and success 23 Kaplan). Holden is also seeking a tremendous thing which the reader eventually finds out is love. He in effect is also a hero. The virtues of American Heroes are usually personal ones. Most often, the hero is in conflict with their home, family, or church. The typical American Hero must also flee these institutions, for only by flight can the hero find knowledge of what is real. Yet, if the hero does not flee, at least he defies. Holden seems to be one of these heroes, but with a slight difference. He needs to go home and he needs to leave it. Holden seeks Virtue second to Love unlike many others who have quested for virtue and then love (17 Marsden). HoldenShow MoreRelatedComparing The Adventures of Huck Finn and The Catcher in the Rye1382 Words   |  6 PagesComparing The Adventures of Huck Finn and The Catcher in the Rye The forthcoming of American literature proposes two distinct Realistic novels portraying characters which are tested with a plethora of adventures. In this essay, two great American novels are compared: The Adventures of Huck Finn by Mark Twain and The Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger. The Adventures of Huck Finn is a novel based on the adventures of a boy named Huck Finn, who along with a slave, Jim, make their way along

Factors Affecting Trade Volume - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 28 Words: 8291 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Introduction The area of research for this thesis focuses on empirical study determinants of trade volume of Asian developing economies; which constitute the success of global trade. The relationship among determinants of trade studied in the context of developing economies which includes: Pakistan, India, China, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Factors those affects on trade includes: Tariff, Import duty, Inflation, Foreign Direct Investment (F.D.I), Exchange Rate, Transportation Cost and Gross domestic Product (G.D.P) affect on trade volume, based on gravity equation framework in which foreign trade depend in between countries. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Factors Affecting Trade Volume" essay for you Create order To accomplish this purpose by using standard gravity model, study comprises multivariate regression on trade of Asian economies. Study found that trade depend on distance in between countries, wealth, tariff and non tariff barriers (N.T.Bs) like exchange and capital control. Export volume of an economy measures trade volume of a particular country to indicate economic growth of a particular country (Tamirisa, 1999). An Economy that have positive balance of trade, improve economic growth of a particular country due to effective economic and financial performance. Besides this basic affects exchange and capital controls influence trade through other channels, for example, transaction cost, exchange rate, foreign exchange risk and trade financing. Capital control in particular country affect on trade in goods by reducing inter temporal trade and portfolio diversification, which may substitute or complement intra temporal trade (Tamirisa, 1999). Therefore, this thesis aims to study determinants of trade volume based on developing economies. A restricted trade policies imposed by a government is harm for a trade. Study found that world trade organization (W.T.O) rules regulations foster trade volume based on strategic planning of global trade at this competitive era. Despite the net economic and social benefits; most governments reduce subsidies and open economic trade. It has been realized in this study manufacturing tariffs remained high in developing countries. However; subsidies and trade policies affects on agricultural, textile and service industries of both rich and poor countries which continued hamper efficient resource allocation, economic growth and poverty alleviation (Anderson, 2004). Fundamentally, capital controls affects on trade by decreasing inter temporal trade and portfolio diversification. The impact of trade in goods depends, if trade in goods and trade in factors are substitute (for example, as found in the basic Heckscher-Ohlin m odel) the volume of trade in goods likely to fall. If trade in goods and trade in factors are complement (as, for example, in some models with increasing returns to scale), the volume of trade in goods increases (Tamirisa, 1999). The empirical evidence indicates that foreign direct investment tend to increase host countries export and import due to liquidity in a financial market. Foreign direct investment and exports are alternative strategies in this case. Since multinational companies (M.N.Cs) avoid to pay tariff. They initiate subsidiary companies at the host country to cross subsidize in other countries based on strategic management. Capital controls often limit business opportunities for hedging foreign exchange risk and trade financing, thus inhibit trade (Tamirisa, 1999). The gravity equation is one of the most empirically successful studies. It relates trade flow to GDP, distance and other factors that affects on the volume of trade (Anderson and Wincoop, 2003). For t his purpose, the overall effects of trade barriers on Asian developing economies empirically studied, analyzed, tested and resulted. Justification For The Research This study is timely significant for theoretical, methodological and practical reasons. With regards to theoretical significance; this study contributes to the literature based on their specification. Determinants of trade volume of Asian developing economies comprises, Pakistan, India, China, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka to identify their trade issues with respect to other regions based on gravity equation framework. As mentioned in empirical literature, determinants of trade volume contribute their significance at this competitive era, where lot of resistance exists at global market. While competition indicate threat for any type of business either manufacturing or service industry. On other hand trade barriers like Tariff, Import duty, Capital Control through Foreign direct investment (F.D.I), Transportation cost and Inflation raise more critical issues to survive in this competitive era. This study also practically signifies from management prospective for those entrepreneurs intending to cross subsidize their business at global market to retain their leading market share. Results of this study provide guidelines for entrepreneurs to identify their, Economic and Socio-Cultural issues that lead to trade barriers for their investment. This study support them based on empirical understanding about trade barriers of developing economies and how it affects on trade. Finally, this study will benefit on strategic decision making to implement trade policies in global market. This chapter comprises the foundation of this study. It introduces research objective and focus on trade and its determinants based on theoretical practical justification of this research. Then major terms used in this study are discussed comprehensively. Literature Review This chapter based on comprehensive literature review, those are useful for this study. The objective is to evaluate determinants of trade volume in the context of literature review. To this end, this chapter divided into three sections. First section deal broadly with trade and its determinants for which this thesis first explains determinants of trade and then model based empirical finding those are relevant to this research. The second section will investigate theoretical perspective and determinants of trade. The third section interlinks determinants of trade with empirical findings based on Asian developing economies. In short, this thesis first discuss trade theories as mentioned in the literature and then pertinent model present; which will not only explain trade theories but also highlight the link determinants of trade and developing economies. Overview Of International Trade It is a well accepted idea that free trade benefits all countries around the world; it is also a well known fact that hardly any country has always been practice free trade policies. Traditionally trade theories contend that government intervenes on foreign trade because of political pressure from interest groups. Since import can pose a threat to domestic industries, these industries lobby intensely for trade protection (Krueger, 1974, Pincus 1975, Mayer 1984). Other studies suggest that governments are tempted to use trade bargaining to gain larger share from global trade (Morishima, 1989); [Cheng, Liu, and Yang, 1999]. International trade is more or less substitute of foreign investment. On the contrary factor proportion hypothesis [Helpman, 1984; Markusen, 1984; Helpman and Krugman, 1985; Ethier and Horn, 1990] seems to predict that international trade and investments are complement as firms take advantage of factor price differences through cross border vertical integration . According to Aizenman, Joshua and Ilan Noy (2005), it is common to expect bidirectional linkage between FDI and trade. However, it is difficult to indicate whether inflows and outflows of FDI affect directly on trade in different types of goods and services. Study found there is strong feedback relationship between FDI and trade; especially in manufacturing industries. There is some evidence indicate trade enhancement lead to extensive competition in domestic and global market at this era (S. and W. Chaisrisawatsuk, 2007). Economic integration promises to raise trade volume through trade creation by engaging trade agreements. At micro level, interdependence between international trade and investment is magnified through intra firm trade (trade among foreign affiliates), outsourcing of raw material, intermediate goods, output and firms vertical integration behavior (S. and W. Chaisrisawatsuk, 2007). Since trade liberalization implies a liberated (less costly) movement of good s and services while investment liberalization implies better environment for movement of resources. Increasing international trade based on sustainable comparative advantage is a key condition for countries to realize gain from global trade. If trade and investment are complementary, FDI inflow supposed to enhance gain from trade. In addition, FDI inflow to the host country expected to improve efficiency and productivity of factors production, therefore it enhances the countrys competitiveness (S. and W. Chaisrisawatsuk, 2007). This study applies gravity model approach to investigate the relationship between international trade and foreign investment. Generally, countries with similar resources produce similar products. However, existence of two way trade (Bilateral Trade) in similar products and two way investments among developed as well as developing economies indicates that there is a room for trade and investment. Thus, simultaneous equation estimate is more appropriate app roach used in order to capture feedback effects between trade and investment in order to examine relationships between trade and investment (S. and W. Chaisrisawatsuk, 2007). Factors Influence International Trade Study found that tariff, inflation, transportation costs are critical factors affect on trade of developing economies. The empirical evidence indicates foreign direct investment tends to increase host countries exports, although the impact on imports is relatively weak. In the presence of tariff barriers, however restrictions on foreign direct investment distort trade. According to the static general equilibrium model, trade is determined by the wealth and size of countries. While distance has a negative effect on trade, in a part because of trade costs (e.g., transportation and communication) are likely increase with respect to distance. Tariff barrier in the importing countries also tend to have a negative, albeit insignificant effect on exports into these countries. While Per capita, G.D.P and Population, on other hand, have significant positive effects on exports (Tamirisa, 1999). Factors those affect on trade justify in detail below. Tariff A tariff is a tax on import which is collected by the federal government to build infrastructure of a particular country. Tariff usually aims first to limit import and second to raise government revenue, thats reason multinational corporations (M.N.Cs) avoid to pay tariff. And initiate subsidiary companies at host country through cross subsidization to retain their leading market share at global market. Empirical studies found tariff lead to trade distortion due to it have a negative effect on trade which raises the cost of trade. Due to tariff rates significantly reduce export of developing and transition economies (Tamirisa, 1999). Model predicts the presence of trade barriers, such as tariffs and non-tariff barriers (N.T.Bs) diminish trade volume. The empirical study found tariff rate interact with the estimated share of free trade. Since trade distortions caused by tariffs; which indicate low growth rate in a country that needs to import more under free trade regime. Governm ent intervenes in foreign transactions by imposing tariff on import of foreign goods. Therefore, tariff has two effects on economy, namely distortion of resource allocation and the transfer of revenue. Thus, distortion effects of tariffs on the growth rate evidently hinge free trade (Lee, 1993). Empirical study found large variation in trade, caused by tariffs and transportation cost. Tariff liberalization shift trade from rich to poor and domestic to global countries, this estimates imply that elimination of tariff create more trade for poor countries. It is also implies that tariff elimination would divert trade away from continental to preferential trading areas. It has been studied in empirical literature tariffs, distance and production costs are important factors affect on trade; study found tariffs reduce trade significantly. Where low tariff rate is exists among organization of economic cooperation and development (O.E.C.D) countries. While high tariff is exist among Non- O.E.C.D countries. Therefore elimination of tariff rate would raise global trade significantly (Lai and Zhu, 2004). Inflation It has been realized in comprehensive literature review inflation tends to hamper the volume of trade and slow down economic growth. The initial effects arise from decreased in domestic demand. Thus, result rises in price fluctuation relative to those competing or importing countries (Lovasy, 1962). The initial affects of inflation is an increase the price of goods and services in domestic market, which makes selling on that market more profitable than export. Since market price influence a volume of trade. However inflationary affects tend to encourage such change with a view to raise the price of commodity and maintain it high level. The creation of substitute adversely affects on the volume of trade. If inflation prolong over a period of years, trade will adversely affect through structural changes in an economy (Lovasy, 1962). The affects of inflation on exports may be counteracted by government actions in various forms like: adjustment of exchange rates, retention quota, subsidies on exports (either straight or through multiple rate practices). In other hand devaluation or gradual depreciation of exchange rate will raise the prices of trade (Lovasy, 1962). Since many other factors influence export, inflation can be a visible affects if it lead the price out of line with price in competing countries or importing areas (Lovasy, 1962). On the other hand, extensive empirical research such as Levine and Renelt (1992), Levine and Zervos (1993), Stanners (1993), Bruno and Easterly (1998) and Easterly (2003) indicate negative relationship between inflation and economic growth (Chowdhury and Siregar, 2004). Transportation Cost Transportation cost is one of the significant factor affects on trade. The importance of geography has been recognized by Moneta (1959) as well as by Hummels (1998). It was found that distance is a critical factor in-between country, whether they share common border or they are landlocked. The infrastructure depends on transport and communications network. Study found that infrastructure is quantitatively important factor to determine transport cost (LimÃÆ'ƒÂ £o and Venables, 2001). Generally these types of cost associated in foreign trade. 1. Physical Shipping cost. 2. Time related cost (Lead Time). 3. Cost of cultural unfamiliarity. Among these costs physical and shipping cost obvious with respect to distance in a trade (Frankel, 1997 quoted from Linnemann, 1996). Generally neighbor countries have more integrated logistics network that reduce number of trans-shipments. Second, neighboring countries are more likely to have transit and custom agreements th at reduce transit time and translate into lower shipping and insurance cost. This suggests that distance affects trade volumes through transportation costs and through other channels such as information, which is often associated with distance. It has been realized that poor communication network leads to higher transportation cost, which significantly affect on the volume of trade (LimÃÆ'ƒÂ £o and Venables, 2001). Transportation cost negatively affect on trade volumes due to complex geographical location, infrastructure, administrative barriers and the structure of shipping industry. Based on comprehensive literature review, land locked countries face transportation cost fifteen percent higher and lower trade volumes than representative coastal countries (LimÃÆ'ƒÂ £o and Venables, 2001). Exchange And Capital Control Study found that most countries have liberalize policy on transfers payments; since economic policy is increasingly shifting toward liberalize transaction. Exchange control acts as a tax on foreign currency required for purchasing goods and services. Besides this basic effect, exchange and capital controls influence trade through other channels as well, for example, transaction cost; exchange rates, foreign exchange risk and trade financing. Study found that exchange and capital control often raise transaction cost (Tamirisa, 1999). Furthermore, exchange and capital controls can reduce trade by limiting the transfer of technology, managerial expertise and skills through foreign direct investment. Capital controls often limit business opportunities for hedging foreign exchange risk and trade financing. Thus inhibit trade volume in the presence of capital control. Exchange and capital control on other hand, often associated with an overvalued exchange rate, which inhibit trade. Mo reover capital controls help to retain domestic savings and higher saving leads to higher investment in export sectors; thus trade may increase (Tamirisa, 1999). Study found that capital controls are critical barrier to export into developing and transition economies; but not to industrialized countries. These findings attribute to capital controls, which noticeably reduce export into developing and transition economies and have only a minor negative impact on export for developed economies. Reason is that industrial economies have relatively liberal regimes for global capital movement. While many developing and transition economies continue maintain various capital controls (Tamirisa, 1999). Exchange and capital controls affect trade through interrelated channels, including transaction cost, and volatility of exchange rate, inter temporal trade, and portfolio diversification. Study realized exchange and capital control have a negative impact on export. However, this result va ries depending on the level of development in the country and type of exchange and capital control. These results may reflect the extent, to which restrictions on current payment and transfers have been liberalized (Tamirisa, 1999). Gross Domestic Product Trade cost operates primarily via price. In the context of monopolistic competition model, difficulty is created by the complexity of constant elasticity substitution (C.E.S) price index in the presence of asymmetric trade costs. To resolve this difficulty, three approaches have been taken: 1. G.D.P price indexes are used to capture the price effects in the gravity equation as Bergstrand (1985, 1989) and Baier and Bergstrand (2001). 2. Estimated border effects are used to measure the price effects, as in Anderson and Wincoop (2003) and Balistreri and Hillberry (2001). 3. Fixed effects are used to account for the price effects, as in Harrigan (1996), Hummels (1999), Redding and Venables (2002), and others (Lai and Zhu, 2004). Turn to an empirical investigation export from one country to other trading partners depends on gross domestic product (G.D.P). By using [Rauchs, 1999] classification sample consist in groups: homogeneous goods, differentiated goods in between categ ories. On the basis of gravity equation framework trade in each of these groups move from homogeneous to differentiated goods; studies found elasticity of export with respect to G.D.P rise significantly. These findings are empirically significant both economically and statistically. The G.D.P of exporting country is found to be a powerful explanatory variable to explain trade relations. There are demographic variables such as G.D.P and population which relate to the size and stage of economic development based on export and import in between countries. These factors are included in the study despite controlling the effect of dependent variable to determine whether size of an economy has an independent influence on trade relations (Feenstra, Markusen, and Rose, 2001). The ratio of trade volume to real G.D.P is often used as an indicator of an economys openness to international trade (Prasad and Gable, 1998). Import Duty Import duties refer to a tax in which importer pay to the government in order to bring foreign products in a particular country. Most of the import duties are figured in a percentage on declared value of the commodity. An import duty differs from product to product and depends on commodity is being imported. Its declared value of origin country. While product group used to assess import duties in between two countries (Sampson and Yeats, 1976). The competitiveness of domestic manufacturers adversely affected vis-ÃÆ'ƒÂ  -vis import because importer liable to pay additional charges due to execution of projects financed by a trading partners (Mukhopadhyay, 2002). Like India fetched excessive price because of banning imports on some goods, they charged very high duty running around the price of goods. These non traditional goods (mainly consumer durables) provided great stimulus to the contraband trade. However, when there is a massive scale of contraband trade, country f ace substantial loss in term of revenue (Sarvananthan, 1994). Foreign Direct Investment Study found foreign direct investment change industrial structure and trade flow across a country. Since FDI help in cost reduction and export promotion at host countries through up date technology. Foreign direct Investment (FDI) also provides financial resource for investment at a host country. In other hand it provides foreign exchange thats positively affect on the balance of trade. Indeed, in the wake of debt crisis, FDI has come to be viewed as an increasingly important source of revenue for developing countries (Goldar and Ishigami, 1999). Advantage of FDI is that it assists the host country to improve its export performance. By raising the level of efficiency and the standards of product quality, FDI makes a positive impact on the host countrys export. Furthermore, it provides better access to export in foreign markets. According to the Hymer-Kindleberger theory (Kindleberger, 1969) foreign owned firms investment at the host country; if it possesses competitive advantage which allows them sustainable growth. Foreign direct investment plays significant role to promote export and to change industrial structure of Asian countries through transfer of technology. Dunnings eclectic theory of international trade (Dunning, 1988) explain overseas market served by enterprises in different geographical location around the world. According to this theory, firms invest in a country if following conditions are satisfied: Firm possesses some ownership advantages vis-ÃÆ'ƒÂ  -vis firms with other nationalities serving particular markets. It is more beneficial for the firm to produce in foreign country due to update technology and Infrastructure of a particular country (Goldar and Ishigami, 1999). FDI contribute on economic growth of the region through cost reduction and export promotion. On other hand, rapid growth is being attained by the region due to update technology and infrastructure for a particular country. As growth leads to expansion o f both domestic and global market (Goldar and Ishigami, 1999). FDI flow in Asia has shifted over a time from Asian Newly Industrialize Economies (N.I.Es) to A.S.E.A.N. While china and Japan have became persistent source of FDI in developing countries (Goldar and Ishigami, 1999). During the past two decades, Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, and Hong Kong witnessed most rapid economic growth in all developing countries. Their export oriented strategy emphasis on foreign investment and trade is considered the main cause for their success (Amirahmadi and Weiping Wu, 1994). Many countries established Export Processing Zones and Special Economic Zone to promote foreign investment and export to other countries. These zones have preferential treatment in manufacturing process. Their products are targeted for export market. Taiwan and China are the chief example; where these zones have become major attractions of FDI (Amirahmadi and Weiping Wu, 1994). Exports and FDI is complementary instrument in economic growth [Veugelers and Yamawaki, 1991]. Increasing import and inward FDI increase competition on domestic market and reduce domestic firms profitability. FDI allow transfer of technology to produce and sell goods on foreign market. Empirical study found import have positive effects on competitive behavior of domestic firms and have negative effects on their profitability; it has been analyzed theoretically (e.g. by Caves [1985], Jacquemin [1982]) and empirically in the literature (e.g. by Levinsohn [1991], Pugel [1978, 1980], Turner [1980]); (Bertschek, 1995). Based on export oriented group of countries, foreign investment is a more powerful driving force in economic growth process rather than domestic investment. According to this supplementary hypothesis the elasticity of output with respect to foreign capital is predicted as exceeding with respect to domestic capital (Balasubramanyam, Salisu and Sapsford, 1996). Model For Study. Study comprises factors affecting trade volume of developing economies based on gravity equation framework. Foreign trade relation play vital role for economic development. Foreign trade is influenced by multinational corporation (M.N.Cs). These underlying relationships explain the effects, trade barriers of developing economies based on foreign trade relation. This section present trade model and its key concepts used in this study. Determinants of trade and its relationship with trade theory have been identified, tested and resulted. On the basis of comprehensive literature review; it observed that ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“tariff, inflation and transportation cost are significant factors affects on trade volume of Asian countries. The trade model tested based on developed hypotheses in the next section of this research. Trade Theory Based on comprehensive literature following are the facets of trade theories focus on various concepts associated with global trade in terms of theories expanded by the scholars. Gravity Model Of Trade Theory Study found that international trade flow well described by a ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"gravity equation frameworkÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  indeed, gravity equation is one of the empirical accomplishment stories in economics and trade theories (Feenstra, Markusen and Rose, 1999). The gravity equation framework is one of the most popular empirical evidence for the whole range of spatial relations in economics and international trade over a period of time. Generally it apply to study determinants of trade volume and to assess various regional economic integration with respect to developing economies (Cieslik, 2007). In the context of international trade, gravity equation in its basic form nominate the amount of trade in-between two countries increases in their size and proportion to their national income, and inversely decreases by the cost of transport between them, (As measured by distance between their economic centers). This relationship closely look like Ne wtons (1687) law of gravitation which states that every atom in the universe attracts other atom with a force that is comparative to the product of their masses and inversely comparative to the distance among particles (Cieslik, 2007). Although gravity equation in its basic form performs a good job to justify foreign trade based on size of trading countries and distance between them. Therefore, in order to improve performance of the gravity equation in empirical studies of trade; one should take into account the impact of other factors that affects on volume of trade (Cieslik, 2007). Theoretical Foundation Of Gravity Model The concept of the gravity model based on Newtons Law of Universal gravitation which relate the force of attraction between two objects with their combined masses and distance between them. The application of gravity model in social sciences empirically proposed by James Stewart in the 1940s (Fitzsimons et al., 1999). And then originally applied to international trade by Tinbergen (1962), the gravity model predicts trade flow between any two countries as a function of their size and distance between them (Walsh, 2006). Economic size is measured by gross domestic product, population and per capita income. Distance typically calculated through transportation cost between countries capital cities. In some studies this is replaced by the measures of remoteness through G.D.P or measure distances relative to the countrys average distance with all trading partners. Extension of this approach is to calculate trade cost with respect to barriers. And other restrictions on trade flow by co mparing predicted and actual levels of trade volume (Walsh, 2006). As the empirical applications of the gravity model has grown theoretically over a period of time; foundation of this model have also developed. Beginning with Anderson (1979); who illustrates gravity equation framework is consistent with a model of trade in which products are differentiated by the country of origin (Walsh, 2006). The gravity model is being established in a literature and measure potential trade between countries. The gravity model; defined by the Newtons Law of Gravitation, explain trade flow between two countries. It is one of the most popular empirical associations in economics and international trade. Earlier studies have estimated difference between observed values and predicted values those are calculated through O.L.S estimate of gravity model (Baldwin, 1994; and Nilsson, 2000); (Kalirajan and Singh, 2007). Justification Of The Gravity Model The Newtons physician primarily justify gravity model based on theoretical justification with their combined masses. Second justification for the gravity model was analyzed by Linneman (1966); (Rahman, 2003). Anderson (1979), Bergstrand (1985, 1989), Thursby (1987), Helpman Krugman (1985) share this view. Their studies identify number of variables. However, price and exchange variables can be omitted when products are perfect substitutes for one another in consumer preference. This structure of course, obtains the standard Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) setting (Jakab 2001); (Rahman, 2003). Empirical Study Study found the gravity model in the context of international trade applied, first time independently by Tinbergen (1962) and PÃÆ'ƒÂ ¶yhÃÆ'ƒÂ ¶nen (1963) but they didnt have any theoretical justification at the beginning. The earliest but not completely successful attempts provide a theoretical justification for the gravity equation by Linneman (1966), Leamer and Stern (1970) and Leamer (1970). However, origin of the gravity equation from a model was not possible till the product homogeneity assumption; since early neoclassical trade literature was relaxed at that time (Cieslik, 2007). The first formal attempt to derive the gravity equation directly from theoretical point of view made by Anderson (1979) based on Armington hypothesis which argues that products differentiated by the country of origin. Anderson (1979) demonstrated to derive gravity equation by using properties of Cobb Douglas expenditure system when goods produced by a country. Andersons (1979 ) approach subsequently applied and extended by Bergstrand (1985) who derived and summarize equation in terms of trade flow (Cieslik, 2007). An alternative method proposed by Helpman (1987) who completely departed from neoclassical assumptions of traditional Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model. Which assume monopolistic competition and product differentiation among various firm in all industries rather than countries. The monopolistic competition approach viewed as an elegant way to indigenize product differentiation and explain formally on the basis of Armington assumption. The main role of monopolistic competition in Helpmans (1987) model is to assure that different countries specialize in different varieties of products due to existence economies of scale, at the firm level. Insight has been formalized by Deardorff (1998) who derived gravity equation in its basic structure from traditional Hechscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model with complete specialize in production at a country level (C ieslik, 2007). Empirical Model Of Trade International trade is a vast study which comprises several model of trade one of them is gravity model. It is being used extensively in empirical studies of international trade and economics since 1960s. According to the static general equilibrium model, trade is determined by the wealth and size of the countries and distance between them. Theoretical foundation of the gravity model based on trade theories; under imperfect competition this has been integrated with the factor proportion and demand based theories of international trade (Tamirisa, 1999). The basic gravity equation is given by Where, Xkj = Exports from country k to country j. (Qk/Nk) and (Qj/Nj) = Per capita income of country k and j. Nk and Nj = Population of country k and j. Dkj = Geographical distance between country k and j. Akj = Denote factors distorting trade. ekj = Distributed error term. Based on above equation which can be modify by taking natural logs and defined tariff, capital cont rol and geographical distance as a trade distortions as follows: Where, Tjk = Import duty imposed by country j on import from country k, Ej = Aggregate measure of exchange and capital control in country j. The intercept accounts measured trade distortions on export volume. The model estimated by the ordinary least squares method (Tamirisa, 1999). Empirical Evidence Study found that tariff, inflation, transportation cost and capital control through foreign direct investment are critical barriers for developing and transition economies but not to developed economies. Controls on current payments and transfer reduce trade flow significantly (Tamirisa, 1999). Study found that distance has a significant affects on export in a part because of trade costs (e.g., transportation and communication) cost likely increase with respect to distance. Tariff barrier in importing countries also tend to have a negative affects. While per capita, G.D.P and population on the other hand have positive affects on export volume (Tamirisa, 1999). It has been realized in this study exchange and capital controls are significant barriers for developing and transition economies. These findings attribute to capital control, which noticeably reduce export in developing and transition economies and have minor negative affects for industrialized economies. The reason is that industrialized economies have relatively liberal regimes for global capital movements; while many developing and transition economies preserve various capital controls. While controls on transfer payment represent barrier for a trade (Tamirisa, 1999). Empirical Result An overall positive relationship found between trade and investment, greater the international trade among the countries, the higher level of F.D.I generates vice versa. In order to enjoy sustainable competitive advantage from trade liberalization, investments have a significant role for trade development (S. and W. Chaisrisawatsuk, 2007). In this research model, study based on theories influenced trade of developing countries. The empirical evidence indicates relationship between international trade and investment which suggest important role for policy coordination to gain potential benefit, in terms of social welfare improvement. The positive association found in-between trade and investment thats suggests these are complements. Since trade liberalization leads to welfare improvements, F.D.I induced trade expansion. The on going process of trade and agreement seems to focus on trade liberalization by reducing trade barriers of both tariff and non tariff which obstacle for inv estment liberalization (S. and W. Chaisrisawatsuk, 2007). Based on all discussions it has been realized in this study foreign trade have paramount significance more or less at all dimensions. The fact behind this; trade liberalization is foremost step for economic growth and development. Summary Based on comprehensive literature review it noticeably seems that trade barriers are critical factor to form trade liberalization in the context of developing economies. For practicing managers it realized that foreign trade is a vast study which has grown over the period of time at this competitive era, which bringing new concepts of foreign trade relations at this competitive era. The area of research focused to understand major constructs determinants of trade volume, which are seen to revolve around global marketplace. Study reveals that Product, Price, Place and Promotion are significant factors which affects on trade volume. To have a right product, right place at right time in front of target market at this competitive era. Extensive literature illustrate various theories and model of global trade thats highlight three critical factors affects on trade in which includes; tariff, inflation and transportation cost at this competitive era. This section based on theories infl uenced trade and economic growth of developing countries. The research model has been tested based on developed hypotheses in the next section of this research to investigate determinants of trade volume in the context of Asian developing economies. Research Hypotheses Based on empirical findings, this chapter comprises research hypotheses on the basis of trade theories and empirical evidence; factors affecting trade volume. Those theories empirically identified, tested and resulted to develop research hypotheses. The aim of this study is to understand the basic concepts of trade volume and its key dimensions, this study focused to investigate the role of foreign trade and its interactions with competitive era, which affects on global trade. Based on comprehensive studies in foreign trade and management literatures, dimensions of trade and management understand at this stage. Research Problem. The Problem area or issues regarding factors affecting trade volume based on Asian developing economies observed in this study. Some of the critical factors address in international business like tariff, inflation and transportation cost which negatively affects on trade; to limit the volume of trade at this competitive era. It is realized that inflation rate is critical factor affects on international market. Study also found transportation cost increase with respect to distance in between trading countries. Determinants of trade and their impact on international market evaluated on the basis of multiple criteria in this study. On the basis of empirical evidence research problem is being developed ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Factors affecting trade volume of Asian developing economiesÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ . As economy growth depends on foreign trade due to modern technology and specialized expertise. Since foreign reserves have positive balance of trade with re st of the world. Research Hypotheses This study focused to identify factors affecting trade volume based on developing economies formulated by different scholars. It is recognized in literature review; management actions have potential affects on foreign trade, since foreign trade affects positively on economic growth for a particular country. Therefore after studying the model of trade, to measure trade with flourish economic growth for a sustainable period of time by its customer which can be achieved through effective management efforts. Finally study comprise the following hypotheses: H1: There is a relationship between Gross domestic product (G.D.P) and Trade volume. H2: There is a relationship between Foreign direct investment (F.D.I) and Trade volume. H3: There is a relationship between Exchange rate and Trade volume. H4: There is a relationship between Tariff and Trade volume. H5: There is a relationship between Inflation and Trade volume. H6: There is a relationship between Transportation cost and Trade volume. H7: There is a relationship between Import duty and Trade volume. H8: There is a relationship between Population and Trade volume. To answer the above propositions this thesis proceed in the following manner to determine real facts figure based on assessment of qualitative quantitative data. Summary In this chapter theoretical framework represents the relationship among determinants of trade in the context of Asian developing economies. Study found that critical factors affects on foreign trade includes: Tariff, Inflation and Transportation cost respectively by evaluating research hypotheses. Methodology This study empirically examine those factors affecting trade volume in the context of Asian developing economies. As chapter three comprises hypothetical structure with regards to Asian developing economies. This section justifies research objective to evaluate and proper methods that are followed. Research Objective Objective of this study is to empirically identify factors affecting trade volume and assess the impacts of trade barriers on Asian developing economies. It further attempts to investigate those factors affects on trade volume significantly. Research Design Research design based on research problem. The research problem therefore employed; to find factors affecting trade volume based on Asian developing economies. Since research design is the basic plan that guides about target population of the research to arrange sample size for data collection to analyze data in meaning full methods. The methods that were applied for this research was analytical research design. Nature Of Study Basically nature of this research is descriptive to justify those factors empirically identify, evaluated and tested based on develop hypotheses. Independent factors those have been identified in this research comprise (Tariff, Inflation, Transportation cost, Exchange rate, Import duty and F.D.I) on the other hand dependent variable (Trade volume). This research will help to analyze trade barriers and its affects on Asian developing economies. This information described with regards to empirical evidence. Data Source Basically this research comprises secondary data; collected from authentic source which includes: 1. World trade organizations (W.T.O) trade and tariff profiles. 2. The world fact book, from central intelligence authority (C.I.A). 3. Federal bureau of statistics. 4. International Monitory Fund (I.M.F). 5. United Nation Conference on trade and development (U.N.C.T.A.D) and their Annual reports respectively. An explanation based on collected data and the information used to justify this study. Reliability of this study based on filtered data comprised from authentic source which includes: W.T.O, I.M.F, C.I.A (Fact Book) and U.N.C.T.D. To collect filtered data based on specification of this research. Sampling Method Sample size based on target population which comprises developing economies. Therefore this thesis comprised fifteen observations based on five developing economies of Asian countries. Imply ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“Judgment sampling method due to certain characteristics of developing economies which includes (Pakistan, India, China, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka). These are true representatives of entire population of Asian developing economies. For validity purpose, filtered data comprised based on trade theories to find the answers of this research hypotheses. It was important to understand trade barriers of Asian developing economies at this competitive era, where lot of competition exists due to economic socio cultural differences. Summary Of Hypotheses Factors Affecting Trade Volume. H1: There is a relationship between Gross domestic product (G.D.P) and Trade volume. H2: There is a relationship between Foreign direct investment (F.D.I) and Trade volume. H3: There is a relationship between Population and Trade volume. H4: There is a relationship between Exchange rate and Trade volume. H5: There is a relationship between Tariff and Trade volume. H6: There is a relationship between Inflation and Trade volume. H7: There is a relationship between Transportation cost and Trade volume. H8: There is a relationship between Import duty and Trade volume. Statistical Technique The statistical tool used to evaluate and interpret data into meaningful information by using S.P.S.S version 13. Filter data from excel sheet was entered in S.P.S.S. Basically regression analysis; Multiple Regression used to test the degree, in which independent variables of foreign trade able to predict dependent variable of trade volume in the context of Asian developing economies. Main Effects (H1 through H8) Hypotheses testing concern factors affecting trade volume based on Asian developing economies by using ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Multiple Regression Analysis.ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  To assess the impact of independent variables: Tariff, Inflation, G.D.P, Transportation cost, Import duty, Exchange rate and F.D.I. on dependent variable of trade; Asian developing economies. Trade Volume = X1 + X2 + X3 Trade DeterminantsÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ + Error term. Result concern the main effects presented in Table 4.1 (H1 through H8) of Asian de veloping economies. Regression Interprtations Of Hypotheses H1: States there is a relationship between Transportation cost and Trade volume. The level of association between transportation cost and trade volume indicates R is .944 and R2 .883 at p0.05, which represent substantial correlation between dependent and independent variables. The R2 = .883 shows significant description. The coefficient of regression (ÃÆ'Æ’Ã…Â ¸) is .944 at p0.05, it explains the 94% positive variation in Transportation comes from 94% positive variation in Trade volume significantly. Hence, H1 Accepted. H2: States there is a relationship between Gross domestic product (G.D.P) and Trade volume. The level of association between gross domestic product and trade volume indicates R is .973 and R2 .939 at p0.05, which represent substantial correlation between dependent and independent variables. The R2 = .939 shows significant description. The coefficient of regression (ÃÆ'Æ’Ã…  ¸) is .491 at p0.05, it explains the 49% positive variation in G.D.P comes from 49% positive variation in Trade volume significantly. Hence, H2 Accepted. H3: States there is a relationship between Tariff and Trade volume. The level of association between tariff and trade volume indicates R is .984 and R2 .960 at p0.05, which represent substantial correlation between dependent and independent variables. The R2 = .960 shows significant description. The coefficient of regression (ÃÆ'Æ’Ã…Â ¸) is -.179 at p0.05, it explains the 18% negative variation in Tariff comes from 18% negative variation in Trade volume significantly. Hence, H3 Accepted. H4: States there is a relationship between Exchange rate and Trade volume. The level of association between exchange rate and trade volume indicates R is .990 and R2 .972 at p0.05, which represent substantial correlation between dependent and independent variables. The R2 = .972 shows significant description. The coeffi cient of regression (ÃÆ'Æ’Ã…Â ¸) is -.219 at p0.05, it explains the 22% negative variation in exchange rate comes from 22% negative variation in Trade volume significantly. Hence, H4 Accepted. H5: States there is a relationship between Population and Trade volume. The level of association between population and trade volume indicates R is .998 and R2 .994 at p0.05, which represent substantial correlation between dependent and independent variables. The R2 = .994 shows significant description. The coefficient of regression (ÃÆ'Æ’Ã…Â ¸) is -.467 at p0.05, it explains the 47% negative variation in Population comes from 47% Population variation in Trade volume significantly. Hence, H5 Accepted. H6: States there is a relationship between foreign direct investment (F.D.I) and Trade volume. The level of association between foreign direct investment and trade volume indicates R is .965 and R2 .926 at p0.05, which represent substantial correlation between depen dent and independent variables. The R2 = .926 shows significant description. The coefficient of regression (ÃÆ'Æ’Ã…Â ¸) is .965 at p0.05, it explains the 96% positive variation in foreign direct investment (F.D.I) comes from 96% positive variation in Trade volume significantly. Hence, H6 Accepted. H7: States there is a relationship between Import duty and Trade volume. The level of association between import duty and trade volume indicates R is .989 and R2 .974 at p0.05, which represent substantial correlation between dependent and independent variables. The R2 = .974 shows significant description. The coefficient of regression (ÃÆ'Æ’Ã…Â ¸) is .263 at p0.05, it explains the 26% positive variation in Import duty comes from 26% positive variation in Trade volume significantly. Hence, H7 Accepted. H8: States there is a relationship between Inflation and Trade volume. The level of association between inflation and trade volume indicates R is .993 and R2 .982 at p0.05, which represent substantial correlation between dependent and independent variables. The R2 = .982 shows significant description. The coefficient of regression (ÃÆ'Æ’Ã…Â ¸) is .148 at p0.05, it explains the 15% positive variation in Inflation comes from 15% positive variation in Trade volume significantly. Hence, H8 Accepted. Limitations Following are the limitations faced during the structure of this research. This research generalized specifically on Asian developing economies which can not be generalized on other economies. Specific data comprised only authentic sources due to limited time and information availability. Further in research, critical factors have been observed, the most affects include (Tariff, Inflation and Transportation Cost) are significant barriers on trade of Asian developing economies. Summary In this chapter research methodology describe in the light of factors affecting trade volume. This was a descriptive study; which incorporates data from authentic sources based on comprehensive literature review. Regarding analytical technique, the model was tested by using; Multiple Regression Analysis to assess determinants of trade volume in the context of Asian developing economies on the basis of extensive literature review. Conclusion And Recomendation The final chapter discus empirical evidence and research findings presented in preceding chapters. Based on develop hypotheses to identify trade issues and implication for the practicing manager in the context of Asian developing economies. In this study key dimensions of foreign trade includes tariff, inflation, transportation cost and exchange rate are significant factors which affects on trade. This Study further incorporates other key elements to elaborate determinants of trade such as Import duty, F.D.I and G.D.P respectively. Study found that G.D.P of exporting country is a powerful explanatory variable in the relative intensity of trade relation (Feenstra, Markusen and Rose, 2001). Result Discussion On the basis of Table 4.1 where result of hypotheses shown accordingly. Result on that table represents factors affecting trade volume based on Asian developing economies and their significance level. The aim was to identify determinants of trade and their affects in the context of Asian developing economies. Result of the analysis identify significant association among these variables (Tariff, Inflation, Transportation cost, Exchange rate, F.D.I and G.D.P) are statistically significant in relation to trade volume of these economies like (Pakistan, India, China, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka). For this one determinant of trade represents significant relationship among these variables. Based on comprehensive literature and theoretical framework of this research, result indicates that (Tariff, Inflation and Transportation Cost) are statistically significant factors which critically affects on trade of Asian developing economies. Implications The major implications of this research are two fold. Academically it advance theory of International trade: Factors affecting trade volume based on Asian developing economies. Practically it focuses the attention of regional managers to continuously grow their business in other countries to lead in a global market and retain their market share based on sustainable competitive advantage. Another implication for managers and entrepreneurs is to implement supply chain management effectively to manage their backward and forward integration based on sustainable competitive advantage to build their strength in distribution network to minimize logistic and transportation cost. Scope Of Future Research On the basis of limitation there are numerous opportunities for future research. Since generalize propositions can not explain the phenomena alone; due to integrated approach need to implement to gain sustainable competitive advantage. These are the few potential opportunities for future research. First an integrated method need to adopt; to understand the essence of trade barriers caused by (Tariff, Inflation and Transportation cost) in relevance to multilateral trade construct. Using this approach provide better understanding of how trade barriers reveal with other factors of trade volume and affects on transitional, developing and developed economies. Second, the extent literature includes other dimensions relevant to both trade barriers and additional economies to identify relationship among determinants of trade with regards to developed and transitional economies. Conclusion Aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting trade volume based on Asian developing economies. A theoretical framework was developed to represent the link between trade barriers of developing economies; Based on gravity equation frame work to examine trade flow of developing economies. Given the lack of research based on trade strategies, in the context of Asian developing economies. Dimensions of trade barriers were first theoretically delineated then empirically validated. The dimension includes: Tariff, Inflation, Gross domestic product and foreign direct investment were top of the mind. Filtered data were collected from authentic sources. The key information was used to collect data from W.T.O, I.M.F, U.N.C.T.D, C.I.A (World fact Book). The main statistical technique used in descriptive research based on Multiple Regression Analysis. In the area of trade, this study attempt to explain determinants of trade in the context of developing economies. It also repr esents empirical and theoretical steps toward an explanation of trade barriers based on gravity equation framework. Such effort not only directed towards assimilating trade barriers of developing economies. But also toward generalizing the relevant studies mainly conducted from management perspective. Therefore such type of research necessary due to lack of study with this regards in the context of Asian developing economies. Due to such type of efforts acknowledge academically and practically in the future. Refernce Andrzej Cieslik, 2007. Bilateral trade volumes, the gravity equation and factor proportions Macroeconomics and International Trade Theory Division, Department of Economics, Warsaw University, Ul. Dluga 44-50. Anis Chowdhury and Hermanto Siregar, 2004. Indonesias Monetary Policy Dilemma: Constraints of Inflation Targeting. The Journal of Developing Areas, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 137-153. Published by: College of Business, Tennessee State University. Chaisrisawatsuk, S. and W. Chaisrisawatsuk, 2007. Imports, exports and foreign direct investment interactions and their effects, pp.97-115. A study by the Asia Pacific Research on Trade, (United Nations, New York). Gertrud Lovasy, Mar, 1962. Inflation and Exports in Primary Producing Countries International Monetary Fund, Vol. 9, No. 1. pp. 37-69. Published by: Palgrave Macmillan Journals. Huiwen Lai and Susan Chun Zhu, May, 2004. The Determinants of Bilateral Trade. The Canadian Journal of Economics Revue. Vol. 37, No. 2. pp. 459-483. James E. Anderson and Eric van Wincoop, Mar, 2003. Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle The American Economic Review, Vol. 93, pp. 170-192. Published by: American Economic Association. Mohammad Mafizur Rahman, September, 2003. The Gravity Model Approach. Discipline of Economics. University of Sydney, Australia. Natalia T. Tamirisa, Mar, 1999. Exchange and Capital Controls as Barriers to Trade International Monetary Fund (I.M.F) Papers, Vol. 46, No.1 pp. 69-88. Published by: Palgrave Macmillan Journal. Nuno LimÃÆ'ƒÂ £o and Anthony J. Venables, 2001. Infrastructure, Geographical Disadvantage, Transport Costs, and Trade. The World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 15, No. 3 (2001), pp. 451-479. Published by: Oxford University Press. Robert C. Feenstra, James A. Markusen and Andrew K. Rose*August 3, 1999. The Gravity Equation Framework of Trade. Andrew K. Rose Haas School of Business University of California. Wen Li Cheng, Meng-chun L iu, and Xiaokai Yang, 1999, A Ricardian Model with Endogenous Comparative Advantage and Endogenous Trade Policy Regimes. Center for International Development at Harvard University.

Psychology Dream Analysis Free Essays

As I was sitting down, I notice d three people that looked like teenagers walk in. Everyone in that dream looked boring and dread rye, lacking much color, all except this one girl. This girl was wearing a blue shirt. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology Dream Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now It didn’t take 10 Eng for my 5 year old self to recognize this girl in a very strange way. As kept watching her I area sized she was an older version of myself. She had the same long curly brown hair, and green e yes. Younger me continued sitting in the corner watching older me. I saw her sit on the one side e of the booth by herself while her male and female friend sat on the opposite side of her. Fro m far away heard older me say to her friends â€Å"he said he would be here, he is going to be here s non. Don’t worry. A server went up to the three of them and asked if they wanted to order food and the two friends said yes and ordered and older me said she would wait for â€Å"him† till he came t order her food. Little me realized she was talking about her boyfriend and how he was soups seed to meet with them for dinner and he still had not shown up. Older me called â€Å"him† and he did not answer. Older Sabina kept getting more and more anxious tellin g her friends â€Å"he isn’t here! He is not responding to me, where could he be? It has been a few hours! I can’t believe he forgot† Among this, the younger Sabina started seeing everything In a time lapse, where the re was no more dialogue after that. Everyone started moving much faster. People were comic Eng in and out, bovine around, talking, eating. Before knew it almost everyone was gone, in clouding older Sprain’s friends and all the other customers in the restaurant had left and the e manager or owner had locked up and turned all the lights off and went, leaving older and younger r me in the room. Older Sabina did not acknowledge my younger self nor did she even see me. There was a single light on older Sabina and her table. Older Sabina was very quiet and looked very pensive. All of a sudden there was a light on the complete opposite side of the room, older r me noticed and darted walking over to it. Little Sabina then became one with older Sabina a ND I was no longer on the sidelines, was right there. Under the light there was a desk like piece of furniture and on that desk there was a picture frame. Picked up the picture frame only to see it was black and white photo of a teenage couple at the beach. The girl had a big floppy sunhat and sunglasses and a polka dot one piece and the man had a regular battings on. They looked like they were in the middle of laughing. I flipped the picture frame and saw a note written on the back of the photo. It read â€Å"Sabina, This is a photo of my parents when they were younger. It make s me think of us. † Confused I stood back, and looked to the right of where the frame stood and saw a pill bottle. I picked it up and the bottle was completely empty. I turned the bottle around and on that side there was another note that read† Dear Sabina, I’m so sorry I couldn’t be with you tonight, I couldn’t make it. I’m so sorry I had to do this. † I began to scream and panic an d I threw the pill bottle against the wall and looked around for someone to be there, and no on e was there. I was lone, in the dark without any light besides the one shining on the desk full of horrid things, to guide me. I still remember I woke up I screamed and began to bawl, I ran to m y mother’s room and told her what I dreamt. Will never forget how horrifying and painful that dream was and how hurtful it still is thinking about It. In the dream, the dreamer was younger at first, observing an older self inside of a restaurant. Seeing an older self symbolizes that maybe the dreamer is going t wrought cometh ins, and moving on from something. Being inside of a restaurant symbolizes that t e dreamer may be upset and is in need of emotional nourishment. When the dreamer observed that her older self was wearing blue and everyone else was vague and bleak can be associated with the dreamer and views of herself. The dreamer wearing blue may be upset, or depressed. The p art where the older version of the dreamer was waiting for someone( boyfriend) to show up show s that she is very dependent on this person and finds them extremely important. It can also gig unify that one is waiting for something important or significant to happen. In the dream, after everyone was bovine around and the restaurant had been locked up and the older version of the dreamers self was all alone it symbolizes that she may feel abandoned or left in an encounter liable situation. When there was a sudden light across the room and the dreamer approached it and saw the black and white picture frame, it symbolizes a Wish to keep things the same and bee Eng afraid of change. Having the photo be black and white symbolizes that the dreamer may be fee ling confused, blank, depressed or lost. Something very tough and confusing may be going 0 n in the dreamer’s fife. The note written on the back of the picture frame can be symbolic for a m usage that the dreamer has to know and figure out. When the dreamer stumbled backwards and into the darkness again it signifies that again, the dreamer is in a whole fit of confusion n and anger with a situation. In the dream, when the dreamer saw the pill bottle and realized it w as empty and saw the note on the back signifies that there may be something that needs to chaw Eng that isn’t being accepted. The fact that the person the dreamer was waiting for and never shoo wed up. Along with he empty pill bottle and note that says the boy could not make it with an app logy shows that the dreamer may feel wronged by someone or a situation and that the death of t he boy shows that the dreamer may be in an upsetting situation experiencing a form of loss. O feel like this dream was certainly an accurate representation Of my life at that place in time. My parents had just divorced and my mom took me with her when SSH e left my father. I was young and my father really was everything to me. At this point I had not s en him for a little while and it was the end of life as I knew it. I think seeing an older self was SSH owing that was going through something. Being with people, and then being left alone really r presents how I felt I was being abandoned and left behind by my father, because I didn’t undo restart it was for my benefit that my mother left him. It really was an excruciating pain to deal with as a child especially not seeing someone I spent much of my time with as a child. How to cite Psychology Dream Analysis, Papers

University of Central Florida Application Essay Help

University of Central Florida Application Essay Help Essay Prompts Undergraduate Application Freshmen and Transfer Students Official high school (or homeschooled) transcripts Official scores for the SAT (code: 5233) or ACT (code: 0735) with writing Official college transcripts from all colleges attended, if applicable Official GED and TOEFL/IELTS scores, if applicable Submission of the application essay (strongly encouraged) * Submission of the application essay is strongly encouraged. Admission essay prompts We ask that you respond to two of the topics below. Your responses should be no longer than a total of 500 words or 7,000 characters. If there has been some obstacle or bump in the road in your academic or personal life, please explain the circumstances. How has your family history, culture, or environment influenced who you are? Why did you choose to apply to UCF? What qualities or unique characteristics do you possess that will allow you to contribute to the UCF community? Alumni statistics Where they live Orlando, Florida Area 78,254 Melbourne, Florida Area 8,213 Miami/Fort Lauderdale Area 7,450 Tampa/St. Petersburg, Florida Area 6,730 Daytona Beach, Florida Area 4,481 Where they work Lockheed Martin 1,582 Orange County Public Schools 1,327 Walt Disney World 1,181 Florida Hospital 1,100 Siemens 799 What they do Sales 16,159 Operations 15,066 Education 13,584 Engineering 11,835 Healthcare Services 8,842 Entrepreneurship 8,675 Information Technology 8,384 Media and Communication 8,025 What they studied Business Administration and Management, General 13,292 Psychology 10,388 Marketing 7,587 General Studies 7,024 Finance, General 6,140 Hospitality Administration/Management 5,709 Computer Science 5,670 Accounting 5,430 What they’re skilled at Customer Service 47,014 Microsoft Office 45,926 Leadership 34,402 Microsoft Excel 33,012 Management 30,287 Microsoft Word 28,336 Public Speaking 28,226 PowerPoint 27,472 Eric Pearson Chief Information Officer at InterContinental Hotels Group Sr. Manager, Emerging Technologies at Walt Disney Imagineering Chief Marketing Officer, Americas and Interim Head of Global Brands at IHG SVP, E-Commerce at IHG BSEE, Electrical Engineering 1983 – 1989 Jamie Thomas IT Director, Business Shared Services at United Technologies Quality Analyst, Project Manager, Application Developer at PaySys International IT Leader Business Solutions at GE Energy Bachelor of Science, Marketing Jim C Metevier President at Biscuitville General Manager at KFC Senior Director, Development Strategy Planning at Yum! Brands BA, Psychology 1986 – 1990 Cecil Miller   at Lockheed Martin Mission Systems and Sensors Senior Manager, Security Engineering at Lockheed Martin Director, Security Engineering at Lockheed Martin Chief Information Officer, Mission Systems and Sensors at Lockheed Martin M.S., Computer Science 1995 – 1998 Recommendations to apply Excellent educational experience at a world-class university I had the opportunity to attend the University of Central Florida for two years after I had been accepted via the Direct Connect to UCF admissions program, which guarantees entry after obtaining an AA degree from Valencia or Seminole State. I graduated in May 2014 with a BA in economics and a statistics minor. Dont let the size of the university intimidate you. Although I was placed into a class of over 1,500 students, the virtual broadcast of lectures in these select courses allows for a smaller classroom setting. I enrolled in several of these classes and all my professors knew my name by the end of the semester. By participating in several student organizations related to my major, I was able to actively engage and network with peers, faculty, and professional contacts. UCF also has an excellent experiential learning and career services program. Kyle Walker Requirements Analyst at Aon Hewitt 2012 – 2014, Bachelor of Arts (B.A.)